<p>Scottys Castle  is a two-story Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival style villa located in the Grapevine Mountains of northern Death Valley in Death Valley National Park, California, USA. "Scottys Castle" is named for gold prospector Walter E. Scott, although Scott never owned it, nor is it an actual castle.</p><br>
<p>The ranch is located about 45 miles north of Stovepipe Wells, California, via California State Route 190 to Scotty&#39;s Castle Road, or about a three-hour drive from Las Vegas, Nevada.</p><br>
<p>The property is currently closed, due to flood damage (see below).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction began on Scotty&#39;s Castle in 1922, and cost between $1.5 and $2.5 million. Prospector, performer, and con man Walter Scott, born in Cynthiana, Kentucky, also known as “Death Valley Scotty,” convinced Chicago millionaire Albert Mussey Johnson to invest in his gold mine in the Death Valley area. Though initially angered when the mine turned out to be fraudulent, Johnson was fascinated with the colorful Scott and the two men struck up an unlikely friendship. By 1937, Johnson had acquired more than 1,500 acre in Grapevine Canyon, where the ranch is located.</p><br>
<p>After Johnson and his wife Bessie made several trips to the region, and his health improved, construction began. It was Mrs. Johnson&#39;s idea to build something comfortable for their vacations in the area, and the villa eventually became a winter home.</p><br>
<p>The Johnsons hired Martin de Dubovay as the architect, Mat Roy Thompson as the engineer and head of construction, and Charles Alexander MacNeilledge as the designer.</p><br>
<p>Unknown to the Johnsons, the initial survey was incorrect, and the land they built Death Valley Ranch on was actually government land; their land was farther up Grapevine Canyon. Construction halted as they resolved this mistake, but before it could resume, the stock market crashed in 1929, making it difficult for Johnson to finish construction. Having lost a considerable amount of money, the Johnsons used the Death Valley Ranch to produce income by letting rooms out, upon the suggestion of Scott.</p><br>
<p>The Johnsons died without heirs and had hoped that the National Park Service would purchase the property, and in 1970, the National Park Service purchased the villa for $850,000 from the Gospel Foundation (the socially-oriented charity Johnson founded in 1946), to which the Johnsons had left the property.</p><br>
<p>Walter Scott, who was taken care of by the Gospel Foundation after Johnsons passing, died in 1954 and was buried on the hill overlooking Scottys Castle next to a beloved dog.</p><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>Approximately 100,000 people tour the villa each year. The Johnsons original furnishings and clothing can still be seen today. The USA National Park Service gives guided tours of Scottys Castle for a fee. Park rangers dress in 1930s style clothes to help take the visitor back in time. During the tour, guests are treated to the sounds of a 1,121-pipe Welte theater organ.</p><br>
<p>An underground mystery tour is also available for those wishing to see the inner workings of the building. One-quarter mile of tunnels run under the building, where visitors can visit the powerhouse and see thousands of tiles that were to be used for the never-finished swimming pool. The tunnels also contain hundreds of nickel-iron battery cells, used to regulate power and provide backup power. The main house tour is ADA accessible, but the underground tour is not.</p><br>
<h2>Water and electricity</h2><br>
<p>The springs of Grapevine Canyon provided the water supply for the ranch and were used to generate electricity. The springs, located about 300 ft higher than the villa, generated enough water flow and pressure to turn a Pelton wheel, which ran the generator that furnished the villas electricity. The power was regulated and backed up by the large bank of nickel–iron batteries in the houses tunnels. The springs provided enough water to meet all the needs of the ranch, with enough left for other uses.</p><br>
<p>A water fountain was constructed in the Great Hall, where water dripped down a rock face creating evaporative cooling and into a catch basin for recirculation. A 1930s solar hot water heater, much larger than today&#39;s solar water heaters, is near the main house, and a large stock of railroad ties salvaged from the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad is in the area.</p><br>
<h2>2015 flood damage</h2><br>
<p>On October 18, 2015 the Death Valley area was hit by a significant rain storm, receiving nearly 3 inches of rain as the storm stalled over the Grapevine Canyon area for five hours. Flash flooding struck Scotty&#39;s Castle, leaving mud and debris stacked along the perimeter of the structures, up to a foot high inside the visitor center, and the access road to the property was destroyed. The flood caused the property to be closed for an extended period of time while repairs to the property are carried out and a new access road is built. The NPS has stated that the property will not reopen until at least 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Charlie Chan film Castle in the Desert (1942) takes place in a fictional castle in the Mojave Desert loosely based on Scottys Castle. The climactic scene in S.M. Stirlings The Desert and the Blade (2015) takes place in a house in Death Valleys Grapevine Canyon which strongly resembles Scottys Castle.</p><br>
<p>The North Channel  is the strait between north-eastern Ireland and south-western Scotland. It connects the Irish Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, and is part of the marine area officially classified as the "Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland" by the International Hydrographic Organization .</p><br>
<p>The southern boundary of the strait is a line joining the Mull of Galloway and Ballyquintin Point. The northern boundary is a line joining Portnahaven and Benbane Head. The narrowest part of the strait is between the Mull of Kintyre and Torr Head where its width is 21 km. The deepest part is called Beaufort&#39;s Dyke.</p><br>
<p>The Channel was a favourite haunt of privateers preying on British merchant shipping in wars until the 19th century; in 1778, during the American Revolutionary War it was also the site of a naval duel between American captain John Paul Joness Ranger and the Royal Navys Drake. It is crossed by a large number of ferry services. In 1953, it was the scene of a serious maritime disaster, the sinking of the ferry Princess Victoria.</p><br>
<p>In Northern Ireland, Unionist political leaders for decades lobbied the British government to construct a railway tunnel under the Channel, to better link Northern Ireland with the rest of the United Kingdom. In August 2007 the Centre for Cross-Border Studies proposed the construction of a 34 km long rail bridge or tunnel, estimating that it might cost about £3.5 billion. In the Victorian era, engineers proposed a rail tunnel between Stranraer and Belfast.</p><br>
<p>This strait was formerly known as the Irish Channel. In the 19th century, Alexander Keith Johnstons suggested name St Patricks Channel had currency, but it was rejected by the hydrographic department.</p><br>
<h2>Swimming</h2><br>
<p>The Irish Long Distance Swimming Association (ILDSA) has provided authentication observers for swimmers attempting to cross the approximately 35 km span between Northern Ireland and the Mull of Galloway. According to the ILDSA, this was first accomplished in 1947 by Tom Blower. The first two-way crossing was completed by a six-person relay team on 28 July 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Solo</h3><br>
<h3>Relay teams</h3><br>
<p>Hueco Tanks State Historic Site is a Texas historic site in the Hueco Tanks area, approximately 32 mi northeast of El Paso, Texas. The park is popular for recreation such as birding and bouldering, and is culturally and spiritually significant to many Native Americans. This significance is partially manifested in the pictographs  that can be found throughout the region, many of which are thousands of years old.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>Hueco Tanks State Park & Historic Site was obtained from the county by special deed on June 12, 1969, and by purchase of 121 additional acres on August 10, 1970. This site was opened to the public in May 1970. This 860.3-acre park is named for the large natural rock basins or "huecos" that have furnished a supply of trapped rainwater to dwellers and travelers in this arid region of west Texas for millennia.</p><br>
<p>The park consists of three syenite (a weak form of granite) mountains. The syenite pluton was formed 34-38 million years ago, as part of a larger range, the Hueco Mountains, which range in age to over 320 million years ago, when this area was covered by an inland sea. The pluton was eventually exposed through weathering to form the rock formations visible today, which jut from the desert floor. The site contains enough water to support live oaks (a specimen is visible in the adjacent image) and junipers, species which survive from the last ice age. Freshwater shrimp and spadefoot toads survive at the site (for this reason, visitors are cautioned against touching the pools of water at Hueco Tanks to avoid destroying the eggs of the animals of the site, for example).</p><br>
<p>The syenite rock formation is covered with desert patina (visible in the image below), the result of thousands of years of weathering of the rock surface by sun, sand, and water; the site is culturally and spiritually significant to many Native Americans, such as the Mescalero Apache, the Kiowa, the Hopi, and the Pueblo people. This significance is partially manifested in the pictographs (rock paintings) that can be found throughout the region, some of which are thousands of years old. Hueco Tanks contains the single largest concentration of mask paintings by Native Americans in North America, of which hundreds exist at this site.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the fascinating and diverse plants and animals of this section of the Chihuahuan Desert, of unusual interest in the rock basins are seasonal explosions of tiny, translucent freshwater shrimps that attract gray foxes, bobcats, prairie falcons, golden eagles, lizards, and other predators.</p><br>
<h2>Early inhabitants</h2><br>
<p>In centuries past, the region was inhabited by various peoples, from the Paleo-Indians who used Folsom points to hunt the Megafauna of North America, to the people of the Jornada Mogollon (pronounced mo-goi-YONE). This site was once a Jornada Mogollon village, according to an archaeological dig of the ground between North Mountain and West Mountain. By about 700 years ago, the population of the village could no longer be sustained by the small agricultural area surrounding Hueco Tanks. At this point, a population shift occurred and settlements were formed on the nearby playas to the south, west, and northwest. There, they flourished until about 1450 A.D. when the area suffered from a series of severe droughts. Although it took time, by about 1600 A.D. the region was inhabited by the Apache people, who moved in from Canada (see the Athabascans).</p><br>
<p>This site had originally attracted people due to its critical resource needed to survive life in the desert-water. The huge rocks and boulders have cracks and are pocketed with holes-huecos that trap and hold rainwater for months at a time. Passing people found this out and had made it known for future travelers by encrypting the walls with pictures and symbols on the rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Pictographs</h2><br>
<p>A unique legacy of lively and fantastic rock paintings greets are found at the "tanks." From Archaic hunters and foragers of thousands of years ago to relatively recent Mescalero Apaches, Native Americans have drawn strange mythological designs and human and animal figures on the rocks of the area. The site&#39;s notable pictographs also include more than 200 face designs or "masks" left by the prehistoric Jornada Mogollon culture. Apaches, Kiowas, and earlier Indian groups camped here and left behind pictographs telling of their adventures. These tanks also served as watering places for the Butterfield Overland Mail Route.</p><br>
<h2>Outdoor activities</h2><br>
<p>Hueco Tanks is also widely regarded as one of the best areas in the world for bouldering (rock climbing, low enough to attempt without ropes for protection), unique for its rock type, the concentration and quality of the climbing, and after which the Hueco bouldering grades are named. In any given climbing season, which generally lasts from October through March, it is common for climbers from across Europe, Asia, and Australia to visit the park. Since implementation of the Public Use Plan, following a brief closure of the entire park due to the park services inability to manage the growing crowds of international climbers, volunteer or commercial guides are required to access more than 2/3 of the parks area. Only North Mountain is accessible without guides, and then only for about 70 people at any given time. The park offers camping and showers for a small fee a day or, as is most popular for climbers, the nearby Hueco Rock Ranch offers camping where climbers can relax and socialize. This is also where commercial guides can be found, and where many volunteer guides stay during the climbing season. In February an outdoor bouldering competition known as the Hueco Rock Rodeo is held. The event is a world class outdoor competition that attracts many professional climbers every year.</p><br>
<p>Old East is a residence hall located at the north part of campus in University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. When it was built in 1793, it became the first state university building in the United States. The Wren Building at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, was built in 1695, but William and Mary did not become a public university until 1906.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonel John Hogan, entered into a contract December 1792, to make 150,000 bricks at the site of where Old East would be built. He also donated 200 acres towards the University grounds. The cornerstone of Old East was laid ceremoniously on October 12, 1793 by William Richardson Davie, who served as the governor of North Carolina from 1798 to 1799. The building was originally two stories tall and contained sixteen rooms. The design reflects the University trustees vision of a quadrangle that ran north toward the town of Chapel Hill. Although the cost of construction is unknown, there are records from 1799 indicating that the University spent a total of $12,180 for work on Stewards Hall, Old East, Person Hall, and the President&#39;s House. After its construction, Old East functioned as both a classroom building and a Residence Hall; today it is exclusively a Residence Hall.</p><br>
<p>The contractor in charge of the construction of Old East was James Patterson of Chatham County. By 1804, the building needed significant repairs and was renovated with new doors, window sashes, ladders, and the roof was repainted. The third story was added to the building in 1823. Alexander Jackson Davis was hired by the University in 1844 to lengthen the building by a third and to create a new north entrance. The new rooms were used by the Philanthropic Society and also served as a library. Davis&#39; other additions included large north-facing windows encased by brick panels and two brick porches on the east side of the building. Thomas Day, a skilled and respected African-American cabinetmaker, designed and built the interior woodwork in the society rooms. Old East remained the home of the Philanthropic Society until New East was completed in 1860.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>In 1877, Zebulon Baird Vance, the Governor of North Carolina and chair of the Board of Trustees, declared the anniversary of Old East&#39;s construction, October 12, was University Day and should "be observed with appropriate ceremonies under the direction of the faculty." Subsequent celebrations of University Day have included speeches by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 and President Bill Clinton in 1993. Students are released from classes the morning of University Day and many migrate to the Old East Birthday Bash, which has in the past included things like cake, athletic signings, puppies, appearances by the chancellor, dance routines, and a capella performances. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service December 21, 1965. The residence hall is staffed with two Resident Advisers who are notorious for wearing striking safety vests during emergency procedures and in order to increase visibility on the hall.</p><br>
<p>The Old Well and Old East, as the earliest buildings at UNC, have long been the symbols of the university. There are some collections of art about Old East and the Old Well in, North Carolina, as well as in UNC-Chapel Hill&#39;s Wilson Library. It is located in the Chapel Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Baffin Bay is a bay in South Texas, an inlet of the larger Laguna Madre. Located near the Gulf of Mexico, Baffin Bay forms part of the boundary between Kenedy County and Kleberg County.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The history of the bay name is unclear. The most popular story is that Captain Mifflin Kenedy (1818–1895), after visiting the Arctic Baffin Bay as a young man, gave the same name to the bay in Texas because of the remarkable contrast between the bays. The Arctic Baffin Bay is located between the Baffin Island of Canada and Greenland, and it is about 310 times larger by area than the Baffin Bay in Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The Baffin Bay has three branches, which are named as follows (counterclockwise on the map above): Alazan Bay on the north (green), Cayo del Grullo (purple) and Laguna Salada (blue). Several ephemeral streams, including San Fernando, Santa Gertrudis and Los Olmos, flow into the bay, but only when it rains. Because of the scarce freshwater inflow and extensive evaporation, which is promoted by shallow water and warm climate, the bay has a relatively high water salinity reaching 75‰ (parts per thousand) in its northern part. Between 1946 and 1948 and in 1968, the salinity level in the bay exceeded 100‰ killing much fish in the area.</p><br>
<p>About 21 km of the bottom of the bay is covered in seagrass; most other parts are dominated by shoal grass (Halodule beaudettei) with occasional rocky outcrops. Scattered parts of the bay, mostly near the mouth, contain the relict serpulid worm reefs, which are composed of the remains of serpulid tube worms. Although some tube worm species still inhabit the bay area and the reefs, they bring no significant contribution to the reef structure. Most reefs are circular or ellipsoid structures between 8 and 40 meters (26 to 131 ft) in diameter and 0.5 to 2 meters (1.5–6.6 ft) in height above the sediment. Their total area is about 16 km (6 mi), but it is gradually reducing due to erosion.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate has been described as semiarid, subhumid or subtropical, with a very varying precipitation. Tropical storms and hurricanes are common, and they strongly alter the climate and hydrology of the region.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lands around the bay are flat and dominated by grasslands and oak savanna; they are used for agriculture and cattle farming. Common tree and plant species include southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), lime prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum fagara), greenbriar (Smilax spp.), sunflowers (Helianthus spp.), tanglehead (Heteropogon contortus), crinkleawn (Trachypogon spicatus), gulfdune paspalum (Paspalum monostachyum), fringed signalgrass (Urochloa ciliatissima), shrubby oxalis (Oxalis frutescens angustifolia), dayflower (Commelina spp.), Texas lantana (Lantana urticoides), Texas bullnettle (Cnidoscolus texanus), silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), crotons (Croton spp.) and Lindheimer tephrosia (Tephrosia lindheimeri).</p><br>
<p>The waters of the bay contain several species of annelids and 29 species of diatoms. The dominant mollusks are dwarf surf clams and Capitella capitata. The serpulid worm reefs are inhabited by crustaceans, polychaetes and mollusks. Invertebrates are represented by the endemic fiddler crab species Uca subcylindrica, which reside on dry soil, more than 20 meters from bay waters. The bay is a popular destination for recreational angling and is famous for its trophy spotted seatrout. Other species include cowfish, threadfin shad (in low salinity periods), pompano, black drum and burrowing goby, etc.</p><br>
<p>Sullivans Pond is a small artificial lake located in the community of Dartmouth in Nova Scotias Halifax Regional Municipality.</p><br>
<p>The pond is located a half kilometre northeast of Halifax Harbour at Dartmouth Cove as part of the Shubenacadie Canal system. It is the first water body in the canal system when heading from the harbour to the Bay of Fundy and was constructed as a holding pond for southbound vessels wishing to transit the remaining distance to the harbour. With an elevation several dozen metres higher than the harbour to the south, the pond was linked to the ocean by small inclined marine railway which was used to haul boats to and from Dartmouth Cove. A lock lifted boats from the pond into Lake Banook to the north.</p><br>
<p>After the Shubenacadie Canal was largely abandoned in the 1860s due to unsustainable competition from the Nova Scotia Railway, Sullivan&#39;s Pond fell into disrepair and homes gradually began to surround the pond. The area around Dartmouth Cove south of the pond became industrialized with construction of the Starr Manufacturing ice skate factory and the establishment of a shipyard. Although the pond was uphill and mostly insulated from being polluted by these developments, a general air of neglect surrounded the water body for many decades.</p><br>
<p>During the 20th century the City of Dartmouth, also known by its nickname "The City of Lakes", undertook to restore or clean up the various lakes used in the Shubenacadie Canal system. Today, Sullivan&#39;s Pond is part of a park which runs along the southern shores of Lake Banook, providing habitat for water fowl.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1950s, Dartmouth saw numerous residential developments, including several subdivisions in the area surrounding Lake Banook and Sullivan&#39;s Pond. To reestablish public access to the water, the city developed a plan to gradually recover lands adjacent to the lakes by purchasing properties as they became available, which resulted in the current park land.</p><br>
<p>Today, the pond features a small island with a totem pole which was a gift to the city from the province of British Columbia for hosting the 1969 Canada Summer Games. There is also an open-air concert pavilion located near the pond constructed for the city by the Rotary Club of Dartmouth, and the cenotaph is located near the pond. In December 2006, a new fountain became operational.</p><br>
<p>Velia was the Roman name of an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was founded by Greeks from Phocaea as Hyele  around 538–535 BC. The name later changed to Ele and then Elea  before it became known by its current Latin and Italian name during the Roman era. Its ruins are located in the Cilento region near the modern village Velia, which was named after the ancient city. The village is a frazione of the comune Ascea in the Province of Salerno, Campania, Italy.</p><br>
<p>The city was known for being the home of the philosophers Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, as well as the Eleatic school of which they were a part. The site of the acropolis of ancient Elea was once a promontory called Castello a Mare, meaning "castle on the sea" in Italian. It now lies inland and was renamed to Castellammare della Bruca in the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The town is situated close to the Tyrrhenian coast in a hill zone nearby Marina di Casalvelino and Marina di Ascea, on a road linking Agropoli to the southern Cilentan Coast. Its population is mainly located in the plain by the sea (surrounding the southern part of the ancient ruins) and in the hill zones of Enotria, Bosco and Scifro. Velia also had a railway station on the Naples-Salerno-Reggio Calabria line, closed at the end of the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to Herodotus, in 545 BC Ionian Greeks fled Phocaea, in modern Turkey, which was being besieged by the Persians. After some wanderings (8 to 10 years) at sea, they stopped in Reggio Calabria, where they were probably joined by Xenophanes, who was at the time at Messina, and then moved north along the coast and founded the town of Hyele, later renamed Ele and then, eventually, Elea. The location is nearly at the same latitude as Phocaea.</p><br>
<p>Elea was not conquered by the Lucanians, but eventually joined Rome in 273 BC and was included in ancient Lucania. According to Book 6 of Virgil&#39;s Aeneid, Velia is the place where the body of Palinurus washed ashore.</p><br>
<h2>Ruins</h2><br>
<p>Remains of the city walls, with traces of one gate and several towers, of a total length of over three miles, still exist, and belong to three different periods, in all of which the crystalline limestone of the locality is used. Bricks were also employed in later times; their form is peculiar to this place, each having two rectangular channels on one side, and being about 1.5 in. square, with a thickness of nearly 4 in. They all bear Greek brick-stamps. There are some remains of cisterns on the site, and, various other traces of buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Eleatics</h2><br>
<p>The Eleatics were a school of pre-Socratic philosophers. The group was founded in the early 5th century BC by Parmenides. Other members of the school included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Xenophanes is sometimes included in the list, though there is some dispute over this.</p><br>
<h2>Famous residents</h2><br>
<p>Statius, father of the Roman poet Publius Papinius Statius was born in Hyele (Silv 5.3.127).</p><br>
<p>Parmenides, philosopher and founder of the Eleatics</p><br>
<p>Zeno of Elea, Eleatic philosopher known for his paradoxes</p><br>
<p>Mount Sutro is a hill in central San Francisco, California. It was originally named Mount Parnassus.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The low mountain is 909 ft in elevation. Mount Sutro is one of the many named hills within San Francisco, and among its original "Seven Hills".</p><br>
<p>Most of Mount Sutro is owned by the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). A 61 acre parcel, including the summit, is protected as the Mount Sutro Open Space Reserve by UCSF, and open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Sutro Tower, a large television and radio broadcasting tower for the San Francisco Bay Area and very visible City landmark, is not on Mount Sutro. It stands on a lower hill to the south between it and Twin Peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Sutro Forest</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sutro has been covered by a dense forest, with about 80% being introduced eucalyptus trees, that was planted in the late 19th century. The older trees are now over 100 ft tall. The mountain is within San Francisco&#39;s fog belt, receiving fog throughout the summer. The tall trees precipitate the fog, with the moisture being absorbed by the duff and tree roots, and the forest remains damp through the summer months. It receives some 30 to 40% of its moisture from fog drip. There is a dense understory of non-native Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) and several other plants. The forest provides habitat for a number of bird species, including great horned owls and various woodpeckers. Over thirty species were recorded in a single morning of bird watching.</p><br>
<p>The 19 acre city-owned portion of Mount Sutro and the eucalyptus forest, called the Interior Green Belt, is contiguous with the UCSF-owned 61 acres Mount Sutro Open Space Reserve portion. The forest is bounded on the north by the UCSF Medical Center and the UCSF Stem-cell Research Building; on the west by the Sunset District; on the south by the Forest Knolls neighborhood, built in the late 1950s on cleared forest land; and on the east by the Cole Valley neighborhood.</p><br>
<h3>Recreation</h3><br>
<p>Rotary Meadow, a garden of California native plants, is at the summit within the Mount Sutro Open Space Reserve. It was funded by a $100,000 grant from the Rotary Club and its members in 2004. The garden is maintained by the Sutro Stewards volunteers, and has water supplied by UCSF. It is accessible by paved road from Clarendon Avenue through UCSFs Aldea San Miguel housing complex. Most of the gardens plants reach peak bloom in the spring. It is encircled by the Eucalyptus forest, and therefore has no views of the city, as the nearby non-forested Twin Peaks and Tank Hill do.</p><br>
<p>The hill and forest are accessible by hiking trails, many of which are suitable for mountain bikes.</p><br>
<p>Another access to the summit is from 7th Avenue on the west side of the mountain, climbing the 355-step public stairway from Warren Drive to Crestmont Drive (named Oakhurst Way on many maps), then turning left/west and entering the forest where Crestmont makes a sharp right/north turn.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration and preservation</h3><br>
<p>In 2009, UCSF applied for a grant from FEMA to remove a majority of the eucalyptus trees on 23% of its land, for campus and residential neighborhood fire safety. It was supported by native habitat restoration advocates, for the return and expansion of indigenous habitats that support native flora and fauna within the City.</p><br>
<p>Some local residents opposed the plan, so in February 2010, UCSF announced it was withdrawing its application to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and would instead conduct a full Environmental Impact Review (EIR) under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) before proceeding with plans to restore the original ecology of Mount Sutro.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Much of 19th century Mount Sutro was within the Rancho San Miguel of Alta California, a Mexican land grant given to Jose de Jesus Noe in 1846.</p><br>
<p>The ranch property was acquired by Adolph Sutro in 1879, shortly after his Comstock Lode stock was bought out by his partners, the "Silver Big 4." That enabled Sutro to invest in San Francisco real estate on a very large scale, at one point owning almost 10% of San Francisco&#39;s total acreage. Sutro used annual Arbor Day celebrations to plant trees (eventually thousands of them) on the rocky coastal sage and chaparral clad slopes and hollows and in sand dunes on his properties.</p><br>
<p>Sutro originally planned to develop residential neighborhoods on the hill, then named "Mount Parnassus," and on another to the east he named "Mount Olympus." The hill was later renamed Mount Sutro, in honor of Sutro who also was the 24th mayor of San Francisco, from 1894 to 1896.</p><br>
<p>In July 1895, Sutro donated a 13 acre site on the "Parnassus bench" overlooking Golden Gate Park, to serve as a campus site for the Affiliated Colleges of the University of California, the present day University of California, San Francisco Parnassus Campus. Adolph Sutro died land rich but cash poor in 1898, resulting in the settlement of his estate being long and arduous. Some plans of the Sutro Development Company were completed, including a street railway on Parnassus Boulevard they operated to serve those developments, while many others were stopped by litigation.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>With the settlement of Sutro&#39;s estate, after almost twenty years of litigation, much of the developable, eucalyptus-covered land began to be cleared around 1930, and continued through the 1960s. The city expanded westward, and the land was developed for commercial and residential needs.</p><br>
<p>Though planned as a recreational forest, some areas were logged by Sutro&#39;s heirs. In 1934, after a fire, this effort was discontinued. The forest was logged again during World War II, for use as a domestic fuel due to war rationing.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sutro itself, and most of its remaining forest, was within the 90 acres parcel purchased by the University of California in 1952.</p><br>
<p>Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju  is an artificial pond in Gyeongju National Park, South Korea. It was part of the palace complex of ancient Silla . It was constructed by order of King Munmu in 674 CE. The pond is situated at the northeast edge of the Banwolseong palace site, in central Gyeongju. It is an oval shape; 200m from east to west and 180m from north to south. It contains three small islands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Anapji was originally located near the palace of Silla called Banwolseong. It is written in Samguk Sagi: "During the era of King Munmu, a new pond was made in the palace and flowers and birds flourished in this pond". There is also mention of a royal reception held by King Gyeongsun in 931, when Silla was already crumbling.</p><br>
<p>After the fall of Silla, the pond fell into disrepair for many centuries. The name Anapji appears in the 16th century Joseon era document Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea (hangul:동국여지승람, hanja:東國輿地勝覽) with the explanation that King Munmu made the pond with Taoist aesthetics.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation and excavation of relics</h2><br>
<p>As part of the renovation project of historic sites in Gyeongju, Anapji was dredged and rebuilt in 1974. The long-term excavation project from March 1975 to December 1986 released a large number of relics from the pond. Research revealed that the pond had been surrounded by stone walls, and that 5 buildings had been standing on the pond&#39;s west to south sides. Waterway systems were also detected.</p><br>
<p>Almost 33,000 pieces of historic relics were excavated from the site. An abundance of unique and extraordinarily designed roof tiles, architectural materials, pottery, gilt bronze figures of Buddha, jewelry, accessories and other everyday items were discovered, offering an insight to Buddhist art and everyday life in Silla.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist destination</h2><br>
<p>Anapji is currently allotted in Inwang-dong, Gyeongju and is part of Gyeongju National Park. Approximately 730 relics are on display at the Anapji Exhibition Hall, the special gallery of the Gyeongju National Museum. The site of Imhaejeon is also a part of the grounds, the most important building on the property and the structure used as the crown prince’s palace. While some sites have been restored others have been left in the natural form.</p><br>
<p>Fort Wayne is located in the city of Detroit, Michigan, at the foot of Livernois Avenue in the Delray neighborhood. The fort is situated on the Detroit River at a point where it is about a mile to the Canadian shore. The original 1848 limestone barracks  still stands, as does the 1845 star fortification . On the fort grounds but outside the original star fort are additional barracks, officers quarters, hospital, shops, recreation building, commissary, guard house, garage, and stables.</p><br>
<p>The fort sits on 96 acre. Since the 1970s, 83 acre, including the original star fort and a number of buildings, has been operated by the city of Detroit. The remaining area is operated by the USA Army Corps of Engineers as a boatyard. The fort was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1958 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The site of Fort Wayne has a history going back to about the year 1000 A.D. Approximately 19 Native American burial mounds were present in the immediate area, as well as a larger one at the mouth of the Rouge River. The sole remaining burial mound at Fort Wayne was excavated by archaeologists at University of Michigan in the early 20th century, and at that time was found to contain human remains dating over 900 years old. A type of pottery found there is unique to the site; it was subsequently dubbed "Wayne Ware." The present star fort was built atop one of the burial mounds, and it is from this site that Springwells Township (later annexed into the City of Detroit) took its name. The site originally consisted of a high sand mound, with freshwater springs found along the marshy waterfront of the Detroit River.</p><br>
<p>Fort Wayne is Detroit&#39;s third fort. The first, Fort Detroit, was built by the French in 1701. This fort, constructed shortly after Cadillac landed, was manned by the French until it was surrendered to the British in 1760 during the French and Indian War. The second fort, Fort Lernoult, was built by the British a few years later, and was manned by the British until 1796. When the United States took over Detroit, Fort Lernoult was renamed Fort Shelby. When Cadillac founded Fort Detroit, he also purportedly made arrangements with the local Potawatomi people to set up a small village at the site of Fort Wayne for purposes of trading; this was occupied and thriving by 1710.</p><br>
<p>The opening shots of the War of 1812 were fired in the vicinity of the fort&#39;s future site, the "sand hill at Springwells". Although war had not been officially declared yet, Michigan militiamen bombarded the town of Sandwich, Canada (later annexed into Windsor) on July 4, 1812. Later in the course of the war, British general Isaac Brock crossed the narrowest part of the Detroit River with his troops and landed on the future Fort Wayne site before marching to Detroit. In the ensuing Siege of Detroit, American general William Hull, believing himself completely surrounded and outnumbered, surrendered Fort Shelby to the British without offering any resistance. The British later abandoned the fort and American troops reoccupied it. In 1815, the future Fort Wayne site was used for the signing of the Treaty of Springwells, which marked the official (though belated) end of hostilities between the American government and the local Native American tribes of the area who had allied with the British during the war. Among those present for the signing of the treaty were Lewis Cass and General William Henry Harrison. Following the end of the war, Fort Shelby fell into disrepair, and in 1826 it was sold to the City of Detroit and demolished.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1830s, small, short-lived rebellions occurred in Canada to protest corruption amongst its colonial government. Many Americans believed there was widespread Canadian support for these rebellions and formed volunteer militias to overthrow Canadas colonial government. This led to a series of militia attacks on Canada known as the Patriot War. American troops were mustered to suppress the American volunteers and maintain Americas official neutrality in the conflict. However, at the same time, the United States government realized there was a lack of fortifications along the northern border to repel a potential British attack, and in particular, no counterpart to the British Fort Malden located in Amherstburg. In 1841, Congress appropriated funds to build a chain of forts stretching from the east coast to the Minnesota Territory, including one at Detroit.</p><br>
<p>Soon afterward, the Army sent Lieutenant Montgomery C. Meigs to Detroit. Meigs bought up riverfront farm property three miles below Detroit, in Springwells Township, at the point on the Detroit River closest to Canada. Construction on the fort began in 1842, with Meigs superintending. The original fortifications were cedar-reveted earthen walls. The fort was completed in 1851, costing $150,000. The Army named the new fort for Revolutionary War hero General "Mad" Anthony Wayne, who had taken possession of Detroit from the British in 1796.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and construction</h2><br>
<p>The original fort is star-patterned, with walls of earthen ramparts faced with cedar, covering vaulted brick tunnels that contain artillery ports. The design was based on fortifications developed by Sebastian Vauban, a 17th-century French military engineer, and modified by Dennis Hart Mahan. Artillery emplacements are atop the walls, designed for 10 in cannons mounted to fire over the parapet, although there is no indication that artillery intended for the fort was ever installed. There is a dry moat surrounding the fort, and a demilune facing the river.</p><br>
<p>Although the star fort today is substantially similar to the original construction, some changes have been made. Starting in 1863, under the supervision of Thomas J. Cram, the walls of the fort were reconstructed, replacing the original cedar facing with brick and concrete. In addition, the entranceway to the fort has been altered. The original entrance to the fort was a small sally port in the southeast bastion. In 1938, an arched entrance was constructed through the fort&#39;s walls to accommodate vehicular traffic; later, the arches were removed to fit larger trucks.</p><br>
<p>Within the star fort (and built at approximately the same time) is a Federal style, -story limestone troop barracks, consisting of five independent but adjacent sections. Each section contains a ground floor mess, two floors of barracks rooms, and an attic. Brick additions were added to the rear of the building in 1861, housing washrooms and kitchens. Next to the barracks is a powder magazine, also constructed of limestone. Additional buildings originally built within the star fort, such as officer&#39;s housing, have long since been destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Numerous additional buildings have been built on fort grounds outside of the star fort. A row of wooden Victorian officer&#39;s homes was built in the 1880s. In 1937, these homes were completely refurbished and clad in brick by WPA workers. One home was restored in the 1980s to its original appearance. A Spanish–American War guardhouse, built in 1889, is in the center of the fort grounds. The guard house was restored in 1984. In 1890, a brick hospital was built, with a later addition in 1898. In 1905, a new guardhouse, still in use today, was built near the gate to the fort grounds. Around the same time, four barracks buildings for enlisted men were built, as well as a service club (1903), headquarters (1905), and post office. By 1928, duplex housing for senior NCOs. In 1939, more NCO houses were built in a row facing Jefferson Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Historical use</h2><br>
<p>Before any cannon had been installed at the newly constructed Fort Wayne, the United States and Britain peacefully resolved their differences, eliminating the need for a fort on the Detroit River. Fort Wayne remained unused for a decade after its initial construction, manned only by a single watchman. There is evidence suggesting that the fort was a final stop on the Underground Railroad during these dormant years, as the Irish farmer who lived next to the fort&#39;s demilune operated a small ferry to Canada to supplement his income, the only such ferry in this part of the city at that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1861, the American Civil War again made Fort Wayne relevant. British sympathy for the Confederacy renewed fears of an attack from Canada, leading to a reconstruction and strengthening of the fort walls. Two weeks after the beginning of the war, the Michigan 1st Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into service at Fort Wayne. For the rest of the Civil War, the fort served as a mustering center for troops from Michigan, as well as a place for veterans to recover from their wounds. Alfred Gibbs was the first commander to occupy the fort, serving his parole at Fort Wayne after being captured by the Confederacy.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War and until 1920, Fort Wayne served as a garrison post, with regiments rotated from the western frontier for rest. In 1875, the city of Detroit annexed a portion of Springwells Township; in 1884, it annexed more of Springwells Township east of Livernois Avenue, including all land adjacent to Fort Wayne.</p><br>
<p>During the Spanish–American War, troops from the fort headed to Cuba and the Philippines. The fort&#39;s guardhouse also housed the first telephone exchange in southwestern Detroit.</p><br>
<p>During the Red Scare following World War I, the fort served as a temporary detention center for accused communists awaiting trial. In 1921, the world&#39;s first motorized ride-on lawn mower, patented by Ransom E. Olds and manufactured by the Ideal Power Mower Co. of Lansing, was used at Fort Wayne (as well as several other sites) for promotional purposes. During the Great Depression, the fort was opened to homeless families and it housed the Civilian Conservation Corps".</p><br>
<p>During World War I, Fort Wayne had become instrumental in the acquisition of cars, trucks, and spare parts for the military. This motor vehicle supply function reached its peak in World War II, when Fort Wayne was designated Motor Supply Depot and additional buildings were constructed for warehousing and shipping. At that time, Fort Wayne was the largest motor supply depot in the entire world, the command center controlling the flow of materiel from the automobile factories to the citywide network of storage and staging facilities, which included the Michigan State Fairgrounds, and the Port of Detroit terminal. Every single tank, truck, jeep, tire, or spare part that was sent to the fronts of World War II from the Detroit factories came through Fort Wayne. At that time, there was a railroad spur along the riverfront, docks for large ships, and over 2,000 (mostly civilian women) workers were employed; the drivers and mechanics of the Red Ball Express were also trained here. Fort Wayne served as home to Italian prisoners of war (POWs) captured during the North African Campaign, who were employed as servants, cooks, and janitors. After Italy&#39;s surrender, the POWs were given the chance to return to Italy, but many chose to remain and settle in Detroit.</p><br>
<p>At the end of World War II, plans were made to close the fort. In 1948, the star fort and original barracks were turned over to the City of Detroit&#39;s Historical Commission for operation as a military museum. In the 1950s, anti-aircraft guns were installed at the fort, later upgraded to Nike-Ajax missiles. During the Cold War, Fort Wayne served as an entrance station for the armed services, with thousands of enlistees and draftees being sworn in during the Korean War and Vietnam War. The fort was again used to provide housing to displaced families after the 1967 12th Street Riot, with the last families staying at the fort until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of Fort Wayne was turned over piecemeal to the city of Detroit, with the last bit of property delivered in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>From 1949 until 2006, the Fort Wayne Military Museum was operated by the Detroit Historical Museum. Since early 2006, the fort has been operated by the Detroit Recreation Department, assisted by the Historic Fort Wayne Coalition, the Friends of Fort Wayne, and the Detroit Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Also on the grounds is the Tuskegee Airmen Museum and an ancient burial mound. It hosts historic reenactments (usually Civil War), spring and fall flea markets, concerts, youth soccer league matches, Hispanic and Boy Scout events and is open for some civic events. Areas can be rented for special events and family reunions as well.</p><br>
<p>Fort Miami  was a British fort built on the Maumee River in what was at the time territory claimed by the United States, and designated by the federal government as the Northwest Territory. The fort was located at the eastern edge of present-day Maumee, Ohio, southwest of Toledo.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the American Revolutionary War the region south of the Great Lakes and between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was assigned to the United States. The British, however, refused to evacuate their troops from their forts in the region, claiming that the USA had not complied with portions of the treatypre-Revolution debts owed to British merchants and subjects had not been paid, and confiscation of Loyalist properties continued.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1790s, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, made an aggressn the Maumee and Wabash River watersheds in their ongoing war with American settlers. His ultimate goal was the establishment of an Indian barrier state in the region, as a way to protect Britain&#39;s North American fur trade ventures, and to block anticipatedtheir remaining North American possessions.</p><br>
<h2>Fort history</h2><br>
<p>In 1794 the British built Fort Miami to forestall USA Gen. Anthony Waynes advance on Britains Fort Detroit, and to encourage the confederated tribes in their war of resistance. The fort was a log stockade, which had four bastions, each capable of mounting four cannon, a river battery, barracks, officers&#39; quarters, supply buildings, and various shops. A defensive ditch, 20 to 25 feet deep, ran along the land side of the fort.</p><br>
<p>In July 1794 General Wayne and his troops marched northward toward Fort Miami from Fort Recovery. Just south of Fort Miami, encountering a barricade erected by the Native Americans and a small party of Canadian militia, he ordered a charge and dispersed his adversaries in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Native Americans fled to the fort, but the commander shut them out. Beaten and disillusioned, the Native Americans dispersed and one year later their tribal elders gathered at Fort Greenville to negotiate with Wayne. The Treaty of Greenville opened most of the present State of Ohio and part of Indiana to United States settlement. In 1796, under the terms of the Jay Treaty (1794), the British abandoned Fort Miamialong with their other forts on American soil. Wayne occupied and garrisoned it, but about 1799 it was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The British again occupied the site during the War of 1812, which at the time was opposite the American Fort Meigs. During the War, Tecumseh, the Shawnee chief, and British officials maintained headquarters at the fort, from where they moved against Gen. William Henry Harrison at Fort Meigs.</p><br>
<p>Abandoned again in 1814, the fort was eventually demolished. Afterward, the site reverted to agricultural and, later, public park use.</p><br>
<h2>Present-day site</h2><br>
<p>Today, the site of Fort Miami sits as a small enclave within a residential development. Nothing remained of the original structure except parts of the earthworks.</p><br>
<p>In 1942 several Ohio civic and patriotic organizations acquired a part of the fort site. In 1953 the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society conducted preliminary excavations, and in 1957 the Historical Society of Northwestern Ohio placed a marker at the site, which remains undeveloped. In 1975, the site of the fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The site of the fort was incorporated into Fallen Timbers Battlefield and Fort Miamis National Historic Site in 1999, under Public Law 106-164. The site is managed by the Metropolitan Park District of the Toledo Area (Metroparks), in partnership with the Ohio Historical Society, and is an "affiliated unit" of the National Park System.</p><br>
<p>A state memorial has been created at the site. Also, Ft. Miami Elementary School of the Maumee City School District is two blocks away and named after the fort.</p><br>
<p>Niuatoputapu is a high island in the island nation of Tonga, Pacific Ocean, its highest point being at 157 m. Its name means sacred island. Older European names for the island are Traitors island or Keppel island.</p><br>
<p>Niuatoputapu is located in the north of the country, 300 km away from Vavau near the border with Sāmoa. Its closest neighbours are the small island of Tafahi, only 9 km to the north-northeast, and the island of Niuafo&#39;ou. The three islands together form the administrative division of the Niuas. There is an airport in Niuatoputapu, Mataaho airport, which is designated to accept international flights. The population of Niuatoputapu was 934 in 2006. The inhabitants formerly spoke the Niuatoputapu language, which has now been extinct for centuries, having been replaced with Tongan. Nevertheless, Sāmoan, Uvean and Futunan elements can be noticed.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The central top of Niuatoputapu, just beside Vaipoa, is a hill of only 157 m in height. It is the eroded remnant of a large volcano, which erupted about 3 million years ago. The island is almost entirely surrounded by a large reef, uplifted, and largely covered with volcanic ash, which has yielded it a fertile soil.</p><br>
<p>Niuatoputapu consists primarily of three villages: Hihifo (meaning "west" in Tongan), Vaipoa, and Falehau. Hihifo is the largest village, and, as its name suggests, lies in the west of the island. It contains the majority of the local governmental facilities, including the post office, telecommunications, police station and a high school (there are primary schools in all 3 villages). Vaipoa lies in the middle of the island. Falehau, which is east of Vaipoa, fronts on the island&#39;s only harbor, on the northwest coast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The traditional line of lords of the island is the Māatu dynasty. According to the legends, an early member of them became the fish god Seketoa.</p><br>
<p>Niuatoputapu was put on the European maps by Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire during their famous circumnavigation of the globe in their ship the Eendracht (Unity) in 1616. After successful bartering with the inhabitants of Tafahi, but not finding a suitable anchorage there, they proceeded to its bigger southern neighbour. There their reception was less peaceful. Natives boarded their ship and attacked the Dutch with clubs, until they found out what muskets were and could do. After that an uneasy truce existed, enabling the barter of more coconuts, ubes roots (probably ufi (yam)), hogs and water. A king of the island came along, but not on board. "He was equally naked with all the rest", only distinguishable by the respect the islanders paid to him. The next day the Dutch felt that something was in the air, and indeed when the king came along again he suddenly ordered his people into an attack. There were about 700 to 800 of them in 23 double canoes and 45 single canoes. But the Dutch fired their muskets and 3 cannons, and the islanders then quickly made themselves scarce. Schouten and LeMaire continued their westwards trip, leaving Verraders (Traitors) island behind.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 2001 film The Other Side of Heaven depicts the LDS missionary efforts of John Groberg on Niuatoputapu. The film was, however, filmed on Rarotonga in the Cook Islands and in Auckland, New Zealand as well.</p><br>
<h2>2009 tsunami</h2><br>
<p>The island of Niuatoputapu was affected by the M8 Samoa earthquake and tsunami in the Samoan Islands region at 06:48:11 local time on 29 September 2009 (17:48:11 UTC).</p><br>
<p>Naumkeag is the former country estate of noted New York City lawyer Joseph Hodges Choate located at 5 Prospect Hill Road, Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The estate&#39;s centerpiece is a 44-room, Shingle Style country house designed principally by Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White, and constructed in 1886 and 1887.</p><br>
<p>The estate is noted for its large gardens, which were designed in the mid-20th century by noted landscape designer Fletcher Steele in conjunction with Choate&#39;s daughter Mabel. A National Historic Landmark District, Naumkeag is now owned by The Trustees of Reservations, who operate it as a nonprofit museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Naumkeag was designed by noted architect Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White in 1885 as the summer estate for Joseph Hodges Choate (1832–1917), a prominent New York City attorney and American ambassador to England from 1899 to 1905, and then his daughter Mabel. The house is built in the Shingle Style with a wood-shingled exterior featuring brick and stone towers, prominent gables and large porch, and interiors with fine woodwork. It contains the Choate family&#39;s furniture, Chinese porcelain, and artwork collected from America, Europe, and the Far East.</p><br>
<p>The house sits within 8 acre of terraced gardens (including The Rose Garden, The Afternoon Garden, and The Chinese Garden) and landscaped grounds surrounded by 40 acre of woodland, meadow, and pasture. Its grounds were first designed in the late 1880s by Nathan Barrett, then replanned and expanded between 1926 and 1956 by the noted landscape designer Fletcher Steele. Barretts original designs included two terraces, perennial beds (now the Chinese Garden), and an evergreen topiary. Steeles additions include the Afternoon Garden (1926); arguably his most famous design, the Blue Steps (1938); and the Chinese Garden (1936–1955).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonial settlement of the Prospect Hill section of Stockbridge began with the towns founding as a Native American mission community in the 1730s. Choates family had vacationed in Stockbridge (where Choate&#39;s law partners also summered), and had picnicked on the property. Choate persuaded Field (whom he had opposed in the Boss Tweed legal cases) to part with 40 acre on the south side of the hill.</p><br>
<p>Choate was a longtime friend of architect Charles McKim, but most of the architectural design work was done by McKims partner Stanford White. Although design work began shortly after the purchase, construction was delayed by the death of Choates son. The house was completed in 1887 at a cost of about $35,000. White was also instrumental in providing the decorations and furnishings of the house, traveling to Europe with the Choates for the purpose.</p><br>
<p>The house underwent a variety of alterations and additions, some guided by architects George de Gersdorff and Charles Platt. The library was expanded in 1897, enclosing a space that had once served as a south-facing porch. The number of bathrooms was raised from four to seven in the early years of the 20th century. These changes, which included the addition of a porch to the master bedroom, necessitated the addition of a dormer on the third floor and a number of new windows. During the period of Mabel Choate&#39;s ownership only modest changes were made.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Choate first offered the landscape design to Frederick Law Olmsted, but rejected his proposal to place the house halfway down the hill, where a favorite oak tree was located. The landscaping contract was instead given to Nathan Barrett, a self-taught designer then best known for his municipal work. Barretts vision of the landscape was implemented between 1884 and 1894. His design included formal flower gardens near the house, and had a broad meadow slope down the hill, with an orchard and the family cemetery plot at the bottom. For the main fountain Choate commissioned Whites friend and sculptor Frederick MacMonnies to produce a work; the result was Young Faun with Heron.</p><br>
<p>Between 1895 and 1925 minor changes were made to the gardens under the guidance of Percival Gallagher and Marian Coffin. Design decisions in the later years were dominated by Choates daughter Mabel, especially after Choates death in 1917. Mabel acquired full control of the estate after her mother&#39;s death in 1929. Mabel Choate began her long and fruitful collaboration with designer Fletcher Steele in 1926. Upon her death in 1958 the estate was bequeathed to the Trustees of Reservations, to be "an authentic representation of the times and manner of living which it now reflects."</p><br>
<p>Naumkeag&#39;s main house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975; the listing was expanded and the entire estate was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2007. Its designation was made for the architecture and content of the house, which are well-preserved examples of a Gilded Age country estate, and for the innovative landscape design work of Fletcher Steele.</p><br>
<p>Nevado de Toluca  is a large stratovolcano in central Mexico, located about 80 km west of Mexico City near the city of Toluca. It is generally cited as the fourth highest of Mexico&#39;s peaks, after Pico de Orizaba, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl, although by some measurements, Sierra Negra is slightly higher. The volcano and the area around it is now a national park.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>It is often called by the Nahuatl name Xinantecatl which is usually translate as The Naked Lord, Señor Desnudo in Spanish, although other etymologies have been suggested such as "Lord of the Corn Stalks", Tzinacantecatl or Zinacantepec (Mountain of the Bats). Recently other evidence regarding the etymologies of this mountain have surfaced and after many archeology discoveries in and around the area. It has been concluded that its correct etymology is Chicnauhtecatl meaning "nine lakes" as the top of the cone has various deep lakes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The volcano has a 1.5 km wide summit caldera which is open to the east. The highest summit, 4,680 m Pico del Fraile (Friars Peak), is on the southwest side of the crater and the second highest, 4,640 m Pico del Aguila (Eagles Peak), is on the northwest.</p><br>
<p>There are two crater lakes on the floor of the basin at about 4,200 m, the larger Lago del Sol (Sun Lake) and the smaller, but deeper, Lago de la Luna (Moon Lake).</p><br>
<p>A road formerly ran into the caldera to the lakes, making this perhaps the most accessible major Mexican peak. The road is now gated 2 km before the lakes.</p><br>
<p>From the southeast, Nevado de Toluca looks flat-topped, like shoulders without a head. A (recounted as part of the legend of Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl) provides a mythical explanation.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>It is believed that Nevado de Toluca may once have been as tall as Popocatépetl, until an enormous eruption nearly 25,000 years ago blasted the top of the cone off and reduced its height by as much as. The same eruption generated thick lahars, or mudflows, which coated the sides of the mountains. An eruption approximately 500 years later deposited layers of pumice on the mountain&#39;s east and northeast slopes.</p><br>
<p>The last major eruption of Nevado de Toluca occurred about 10,500 years ago (10.5 ka BP), as the volcano erupted a total estimated volume of 14 km for a VEI strength of 6 (comparable to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo). The eruption emplaced 1.5 m of pebble-sized pumice in the City of Toluca region and ~50 cm of medium to fine sand in the Mexico City region. Distal lahar deposits derived from the Upper Toluca Pumice event incorporated mammoth bones and other mammals in the basin of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The volcano became extinct after a volcanic plug formed in the volcano&#39;s vent. The plug eventually became known as El Ombligo ("the Navel").</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Near the summit, Nevado de Toluca has a cold alpine climate (Köppen climate classification ET) with cold temperatures year round. There is little variation in the temperatures and frost and snow can occur in any month. The dry season covers from November to March and precipitation is low, averaging 12.4 mm in March, the driest month. Temperatures during this time are cold, averaging 2.3 &deg;C in January. The wet season spans from May to October and precipitation is very high, averaging 243.5 mm in July. The summit is often foggy, averaging 110 days with fog, most of it during the rainy season. The wettest record month was July 2008 when 513.5 mm of precipitation fell and the wettest recorded day was July 16, 1999 when 90.5 mm of precipitation fell. The highest temperature ever recorded was 23 &deg;C on August 16, 1993 and the lowest temperature recorded was -10 &deg;C on February 2, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological sites</h2><br>
<p>There are 18 registered archeological sites in the park, as this was a ritual center during pre-Hispanic periods. Bernardino de Sahagún wrote about the lakes as a place where the indigenous held ceremonies and sacrifices. The lakes themselves are considered to be two sites, as a large number of offerings, especially copal, were deposited in the lakes. These deposits can be found all over the lakebed as the burning copal was set adrift on the lakes’ waters until it sank. Other objects have been found such as ceramics and sculpted stones. Divers used to sack many of the pieces found here but now authorities carefully monitor those who dive.</p><br>
<p>Most of the other sites are found on the crater&#39;s walls and peaks. One of the sites is called Xicotepec which is at the top of a rocky dome known as the Cerro de Ombligo (Spanish for "the navel"). Principally green obsidian blades and multicolored ceramic has been found here. On the north side of the crater is Pico Sahagun, with ceramic pieces, Picos Heilprin North and South in which various types of objects have been found, and El Mirador, which is thought to be related the marking of the zenith of the sun. A stele found here seems to indicate this. The site at the highest altitude is Pico Noreste at 4,130 meters above sea level. It is a small platform with drainage on which has been found highly deteriorated ceramic pieces. On the west side is the Cerro Prieto Cave, which is really a rock shelter which is more than 60 meters high. Not only does it contain evidence of pre-Hispanic visits but also has been a shrine to the Archangel Michael since the colonial period.</p><br>
<p>There have been intermittent archeological excavations here with the most recent occurring in 2010 sponsored by INAH which found artifacts dating from the Epi-Classic (650-900 AD) and Post-Classic (900-1200 AD) periods and showed that the crater was a meeting place for astronomer priests to predict the growing season.</p><br>
<p>Stony Cove Pike  is a fell in the Far Eastern part of the English Lake District. It stands on the other side of the Kirkstone Pass from Red Screes, and is on the end of a ridge coming down from High Street. It is separated from its neighbours by the deep col of Threshthwaite Mouth, so is a Marilyn  – the sixteenth highest in the Lake District.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>There is considerable variation over use of the alternative names for the fell. The Ordnance Survey maps name the main summit as Stony Cove Pike, the second top to the west as Caudale Moor and John Bells Banner is reserved for the south west ridge descending to St Ravens Edge. Alfred Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells uses Caudale Moor for the fell as a whole, John Bells Banner as an alternative to this and Stony Cove Pike as a name for the (main) summit. Bill Birkett prefers the Ordnance Survey scheme, but with John Bells Banner as a second name for the subsidiary top.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The fell is wide and sprawling, with six ridges leaving the summit area. The main summit sprouts four to the points of the compass. Eastward is the rocky descent to Threshwaite Mouth, followed by an equally steep climb to Thornthwaite Crag. Northward is the grassy ridge to Hartsop Dodd and westward the plateau narrows slightly toward the second top of Caudale Moor/ John Bell&#39;s Banner (2477 ft). To the south of the main top a short spur juts out into the head of the Trout Beck valley, before falling steeps over Doup Crag.</p><br>
<p>From the lower top the narrow descending ridge of Rough Edge drops north west toward Caudale Bridge. The extensive Caudale Quarry is hollowed out about halfway down the edge, reached by what was once believed to be the steepest working track in Lakeland. There is also evidence of deeper mining here.</p><br>
<p>A broad ridge also descends south from the Caudale Moor top. This passes over Pike How before dividing around the head of Woundale. The south western branch descends down St Raven&#39;s Edge to the Kirkstone Pass road at Woundale Raise, before climbing again to Wansfell. The south eastern spur is much shorter, dropping over Hart Crag and Great Knott into the Troutbeck valley.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit area is grassy, with a number of small tarns between the two tops. Walls follow the ridges to Hartsop Dodd, St Ravens Edge and Threshthwaite Mouth, making navigation of the complex ridge system easier. Both tops have cairns and there is a further cairn topped by a wooden cross to the south west of Caudale Moor. This is named Mark Atkinsons monument by Wainwright. Despite the somewhat dreary nature of the top, considerable areas of crag surround the plateau. Caudale Head between the northern ridges is one, and more crag lies north and south of Threshthwaite Mouth at the heads of Pasture and Trout Becks. The flatness of the top leads to a somewhat restricted view of the surrounding fells, although all of the major groups are in sight from the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The most common way of ascent is to make a small circuit from the Patterdale valley, going up the steep north ridge to the top, then across Threshthwaite Mouth and up to Thornthwaite Crag. From there the circuit is completed via Thornthwaite Crag&#39;s north ridge, known as Gray Crag.</p><br>
<p>The southern ridge from Wansfell and Ambleside provides a longer alternative route of ascent. The quickest way up is from the top of Kirkstone Pass via St Raven&#39;s Edge: this route was described by Alfred Wainwright as the "dullest way up".</p><br>
<p>Inishbiggle  is a small inhabited island off the coast of Ballycroy in Co. Mayo. Its name in Irish means "Island of Fasting."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is situated between the northeast of Achill Island and the mainland, and is accessed by boat from either Doran&#39;s point at Ballycroy or Bullsmouth, Dooniver on Achill Island.The island is 2½ km x 1½ km, or 650 acre in area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main activities are sheep and cattle farming, fishing and winkle picking. Facilities on the island included a school and a post office, both now closed. Plans to build a cable-car link across the very dangerous Bullsmouth Channel, one of the strongest currents in Europe separating the island from Achill had been under discussion since 1996, but have now been abandoned due to the high cost and the money was given towards the Achill bridge redevelopment. Unpredictable currents in the channel during winter months can render the island inaccessible, even though the passage during fair weather is about ten minutes in the traditional boat, the currach. Emergency access is by helicopter.</p><br>
<p>The population is now down to a few dozen, almost all elderly. All speak Irish Gaelic as their first and community language.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Inishbiggle&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Cofre de Perote, also known by its Nahuatl names Naupa-Tecutépetl  and Nauhcampatépetl, both meaning something like "Place of Four Mountain" or "Mountain of the Lord of Four Places", is an extinct volcano located in the Mexican state of Veracruz, at the point where the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, home to all of Mexicos highest peaks, joins the Sierra Madre Oriental. With an elevation of 4,282 m above sea level, Cofre de Perote is Mexicos eighth highest mountain summit.</p><br>
<p>Cofre de Perote is a shield volcano, shaped very differently from the stratovolcanic Pico de Orizaba, which lies about 50 km to the southeast. A cofre is a coffer, and the name alludes to a volcanic outcropping on the shield which constitutes the peak of the mountain. To the north is the town of Perote, Veracruz, after which the mountain is named.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding the volcano was protected by the Mexican government as a national park, known as Cofre de Perote National Park (Parque Nacional Cofre de Perote), in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Located in the Valley of the Kings, Tomb KV12 is an unusual tomb, used originally in the Eighteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, and then again in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties. It was probably used for multiple burials of royal family members, rather like KV5.</p><br>
<p>The builders of KV9 broke into KV12 whilst excavating that tomb. During the excavation, rumors of the second tomb had circulated throughout the camp, however, leading scientists dismissed the idea and continued on. Little did they realize the mistake that was about to be made. The tomb diggers broke though the ground into the tomb only to find the remains of multiple family members in the new tomb. Researchers are still working on identifying the family members and collecting the other artifacts in the tomb.</p><br>
<p>Tomb KV11 is the tomb of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III. Located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings, the tomb was originally started by Setnakhte, but abandoned when it broke into the earlier tomb of Amenmesse . Setnakhte was buried in KV14. The tomb KV11 was restarted and extended and on a different axis for Ramesses III.</p><br>
<p>The tomb has been open since antiquity, and has been known variously as Bruces Tomb (named after James Bruce who entered the tomb in 1768) and The Harpers Tomb (due to paintings of two blind harpers in the tomb).</p><br>
<h2>Decoration</h2><br>
<p>The 188-metre-long tomb is beautifully decorated.</p><br>
<p>The second corridor is decorated with the Litany of Re. At the end of this corridor the axis of the tomb shifts. This third corridor is decorated with the Book of Gates and the Book of Amduat, and leads over a ritual shaft, and then into a four-pillared hall. This hall is again decorated with the Book of Gates. A fourth corridor (decorated with scenes of the opening of the mouth ceremony and leads into a vestibule, with scenes of the Book of the Dead, and then into the burial chamber proper.</p><br>
<p>The burial chamber is an eight-pillared hall in which stood the red quartzite sarcophagus (which is now in the Louvre). This chamber is decorated with Book of Gates, divine scenes and the Book of the Earth. Beyond this is a further set of annexes, decorated with the Book of Gates.</p><br>
<p>South Twin Mountain is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The mountain is part of the Twin Range of the White Mountains. South Twin forms the high point of a north-south ridge, with North Twin Mountain lying approximately one mile to the north and Mount Guyot two miles  to the southeast. Galehead Mountain, a lower spur of South Twin, is to the west.</p><br>
<p>The east face of South Twin drains into the Little River, thence into the Ammonoosuc and Connecticut Rivers, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut. The northwest slopes of South Twin drain to the North Branch of the Gale River, another tributary of the Ammonoosuc River. Southwest of South Twin Mountain is the valley of Twin Brook, which flows into the Franconia Branch of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, through the Pemigewasset Wilderness, thence into the Pemigewasset and Merrimack Rivers, and into the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The summit of South Twin is open and rocky, but stands of spruce and fir trees grow in close proximity. The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170-mile (3,500-km) National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, crosses the summit of South Twin, passing from Galehead Mountain (and Galehead Hut) to the west towards Mount Guyot to the southeast. The North Twin Trail proceeds north along the ridge crest to the summit of North Twin.</p><br>
<p>Tomb ANB is a sepulchre located in the west of the necropolis of Dra Abu el-Naga, near Thebes, Egypt. It may well have been intended as the burial place of the 18th dynasty Pharaoh Amenhotep I and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari.</p><br>
<p>The tomb was initially attributed to Amenhotep I by Howard Carter. In the article he does mention that in the scattered debris of the tomb there are as many inscriptions mentioning Ahmose-Nefertari as there are mentioning Amenhotep I so it may be that both had been buried in the tomb. In Porter and Moss the tomb is attributed to Ahmose-Nefertari based on an argument by Černý.</p><br>
<h2>The tomb</h2><br>
<p>The tomb is located on a plateau in the foothills of Dra Abu el-naga. The tomb opens up to a deep pit at the entrance. Behind the pit is a gallery extending into the rock. Halfway down the gallery is a chamber on one side and a niche on the other. The gallery ends in a very deep protective well. This feature later became common in royal tombs. The well may have served a double purpose. It would have protected the tomb from floods during the rainy seasons, and provided the royal occupant with an access to the underworld. The protective well has two chambers at the bottom. These chambers may have served as a false tomb to throw off potential robbers. Beyond the well is a second gallery which leads to the burial chamber. This final chamber is rectangular in shape and features two pillars.</p><br>
<h2>Finds</h2><br>
<p>A basalt bust of a woman, who may be Ahmose-Nefertari was discovered in the tomb. The statue is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (M.M.A. 21.7.9).</p><br>
<p>Fragments of stone vessels with inscriptions of Ahmose I, Ahmose-Nefertari and Amenhotep I (M.M.A.21.7.1-8.) where found in the tomb, as well as a fragment inscribed for King Apepi and a daughter named Herti. (M.M.A. 21.7.7)</p><br>
<h2>The Abbott Papyrus and the tomb of Amenhotep I</h2><br>
<p>The Abbott Papyrus is a record of tomb robberies from the time of Ramesses IX. The tomb of Amenhotep I is mentioned in the papyrus. It was said to have been inspected and found untouched.</p><br>
<p>Carter goes on to measure the dimensions of the tomb. He included both the descent into the well and the ascent from the well in the length of the tomb and comes to 120 cubits. Thereby claiming that Tomb AN B matches the dimensions of the tomb of Amenhotep I as mentioned in the papyrus. Černý later conjectures that the House of Amenhotep of the Garden is to be identified with the now destroyed temple of Amenhotep I located in Deir-el-Bahari. Given that Amenhotep I&#39;s tomb is said to be located to the north of this temple, Černý concluded that the tomb was still to be discovered and should not be equated with Tomb AN B.</p><br>
<p>Ragley Hall is a stately home, located south of Alcester, Warwickshire, eight miles  west of Stratford-upon-Avon. It is the ancestral seat of the Marquess of Hertford.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house, which was designed by Dr Robert Hooke, was built for Edward Conway, 1st Earl of Conway and completed in 1680. The Great Hall is thought to have been decorated by James Wyatt in 1780.</p><br>
<p>Financial instability of the Seymour family left the house threatened with demolition more than once. In 1912, following the death of Hugh Seymour, 6th Marquess of Hertford, the estate&#39;s trustees recommended that the house be demolished. However, during World War I and World War II, the house found use as a military hospital. Hugh Seymour, 8th Marquess of Hertford, who inherited Ragley Hall from his uncle in 1940, fought to save it after the war. It was refurbished between 1956 and 1958, when it became one of the first stately homes opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the painter Graham Rust completed a huge mural including pets, friends and family members which is known as "The Temptation" and is exhibited on the Southern staircase.</p><br>
<p>Ragley was the site of the Jerwood Sculpture Park, opened in July 2004. The Park included works that won the Jerwood Sculpture Prizes, and the work of Dame Elisabeth Frink, among others. However the site was closed in April 2012.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Ragley Hall was used as a location in the 1982 television version of The Scarlet Pimpernel.</p><br>
<p>Ragley Hall played the role of the even grander Palace of Versailles in the fourth episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, titled The Girl in the Fireplace, first broadcast in May 2006.</p><br>
<p>Vasilyevsky Island  is an island in St. Petersburg, Russia, bordered by the Bolshaya Neva and Malaya Neva Rivers  in the south and northeast, and by the Gulf of Finland in the west. Vasilyevsky Island is separated from Dekabristov Island by the Smolenka River. Together they form the territory of Vasileostrovsky District, an administrative division of Saint Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>Situated just across the river from the Winter Palace, it constitutes a large portion of the city&#39;s historic center. Two of the most famous St. Petersburg bridges, Palace Bridge and Blagoveshchensky Bridge, connect it with the mainland to the south. The Exchange Bridge and Tuchkov Bridge across the Malaya Neva connect it with Petrogradsky Island. Vasilyevsky Island is served by Vasileostrovskaya and Primorskaya stations of Saint Petersburg Metro (Line 3 ). There are also tramway lines.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Speakers of Russian understand the name of the island as a possessive adjective made of the Russian masculine personal name Vasily (Basil), or possibly of the family name Vasilyev (derived from "Vasily").</p><br>
<p>There are various versions of who the original Vasily was, though these may be a product of false etymology, as the Russian name of the island may in fact be a corruption of its previous Swedish or Finnish name, because the island had been shown under them on Swedish maps before its present Russian history began after the Great Northern War.</p><br>
<p>First Russian record of the island, and under virtually its modern name, is found in a registry book of 1500 land survey (Pistsovaya kniga) of Votes&#39; Pyatina (Vodskaya Pyatina) of Novgorod Republic.</p><br>
<p>It makes less probable another, a later one, Vassily-related etymology dating back to the 18th century. It is connected, like many other city legends, with the person of the founder of the present-day city, Peter the Great. One of his foremost gunner officers and military engineers, some Vassily Korchmin, had his artillery battery to ward off the Swedish navy at the spit of the island and got the tsars letters addressed "To Vassily in the Island", thus making it another possible cause of the islands name. The man was commemorated by a lively statue in a pedestrian street in the island (see photo).</p><br>
<p>Finnish etymology may lead to a corrupted compound word</p><br>
<p>Vasikkasaari, Calf Island. Another known Finnish name of the island was Hirvisaari - Elk (Moose) Island.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Geographically, the island consists of two main parts. The south and east of the island are old, with buildings mostly from the 19th century. The southern embankment (with its western part named after St Petersburg University located there) has some of the oldest buildings in the city dated from 18th century. That part of the island is notable for its rectangular grid of streets (originally intended to be canals, like in Amsterdam), with three lengthwise thoroughfares called prospekts – Bolshoi (Big), Sredniy (Middle) and Maly (Small) – going roughly from east to west, and with about 30 crosswise Linii (Lines) forming about 15 peculiarly numbered streets going perpendicularly from south to north. The island boasts the city&#39;s narrowest street named after the artist Ilya Repin.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The easternmost tip of the island, called Strelka (spit, literally Arrow), features a number of museums, including the Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange (Bourse) as well as two Rostral columns, and is a popular tourist attraction. The edifices lining the Universitetskaya Embankment along the Bolshaya Neva include the Kunstkamera, Twelve Collegia, Menshikov Palace, Imperial Academy of Sciences, and St. Andrew&#39;s Cathedral – all dating from the 18th century. In the island center there is a considerable Museum of electrical transport organised by transport history enthusiasts. It is based at the oldest Vasileostrovsky tram depot. Another recent notable attraction was an animated floating anchored illuminated musical fountain located just off the Spit.</p><br>
<p>In contrast with the Neva embankments in the historical center, the western part of the island was developed much later, in the late Soviet times, and has mostly typical Soviet apartment blocks. A monument to Vasily, the legendary Peter Is local gunners battery commander after whom the island may have been named, was opened in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The principal buildings of Saint Petersburg State University are located on the island and include the Twelve Collegia by Domenico Tresini (1722–44) and the former palace of Peter II of Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Economics, science and culture</h2><br>
<p>In recent centuries Vasilyevsky Island has provided a home both to academic life and to various industries.</p><br>
<h3>Science and education</h3><br>
<p>The island&#39;s learning facilities have included the Imperial Academy of Sciences with its copious library, Saint Petersburg State University, the 1st Army Cadet Corps (later the Military Academy of Supplies and Logistics) and the Naval Cadet Corps, and (among newer bodies) the Civil Service Academy (now termed the North-West Institute of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration). Many of these entities occupy historically significant buildings (for example the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute).</p><br>
<p>The Russian Academy of Sciences with its branches has always had many of its research institutions in its cradle - on the island. They include the institutes of: soils study, zoology, optics, aerial photography, Precambrian and general geology, polymers, world ethnography and anthropology, physiology, chemistry of silicate and fireproof compounds. Possibly best-known of the institutes, the Institute of Russian Literature (known as Pushkin House) holds manuscripts and archives of Russian prominent writers of the past and of the present.</p><br>
<p>A number of institutions maintain museums, some of them open to the general public. Several require neither obligatory pre-booking nor pre-arranging groups-only visits (like Kunstkamera and the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Others require pre-organised visits, like the Literary Museum at Pushkin House or the Soils Study Museum</p><br>
<p>of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.</p><br>
<h3>Industries</h3><br>
<p>The island, like many other areas located around the city centre, has had a number of well-developed industries and factories, ranging from shipbuilding to making pianos and to industrial bread baking.</p><br>
<p>Now, in a supposedly post-industrial era, a number of buildings of former factories have been converted to other usages, like the former Jacob Becker&#39;s Piano Factory.</p><br>
<p>Energy supply to many industrial facilities and housing in the island is provided by a cogeneration thermal power station.</p><br>
<p>One of three biggest Saint Petersburg shipyards is Baltiysky Zavod (Балтийский завод - Rus. for Baltic Shipyard ). Having had in recent years some financial difficulties, now it is recovering. There are private developers&#39; plans to relocate the factory to Kronshtadt to make way for housing development schemes.</p><br>
<p>Another redevelopment spot is claimed to change part or all of the site of former Steel-rolling Plant (Staleprokatniy zavod - Rus. Сталепрокатный завод), presently known as Saint Petersburg Precision Alloys Foundry (Peterburgskiy zavod pretsezionnykh splavov).</p><br>
<p>Until recently, all of Saint Petersburg Metro escalators as well as those for all the underground railroad systems of the former Soviet Union were made since the 1950s at a local facility called Zavod "Eskalator", now known as LATRES (Rus. abbr. ЛАТРЭС). Now they produce moving staircases for shopping malls around Russia as well.</p><br>
<p>A major producer of electric power and signal cables is Sevkabel (Rus. for North(ern) Cable (Factory)). Traditionally a branch of metal-processing, this industry now also includes production of optic fibre.</p><br>
<p>Marine and consumer electronics have been designed produced at a number facilities in the island (see e.g. one of them being a nationalized Siemens & Halske plant that was known in the Soviet times as (Nikolay) Kozitsky Plant making Raduga (Rus. for rainbow) colour television sets. Now it is a Raduga group company.</p><br>
<p>Like every other district of Saint Petersburg in the Soviet times, the island has had its own industrial bakery (Rus. khlebozavod хлебозавод) - Vasileostrovskiy khlebozavod, now a subsidiary of Fazer Group.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Padre Island is the largest of the Texas barrier islands and is the worlds longest barrier island. It is part of the USA state of Texas. The island is located along Texass southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is noted for its white sandy beaches at the south end. Meaning father in Spanish, it was named after Father José Nicolás Ballí , who owned the island and served as a missionary priest and collector of finances for all the churches in the Rio Grande Valley. He also founded the first mission in present-day Cameron County.</p><br>
<p>Padre Island is the second-largest island by area in the contiguous United States, after Long Island in New York on the Atlantic Coast. It is about 113 mi long* and 1.8 mi wide,</p><br>
<p>stretching from the city of Corpus Christi, in the north, to the resort community of South Padre Island in the south. The island is oriented north-south, bordered by the Gulf of Mexico on the east, and Laguna Madre on the west. The island&#39;s northern end connects to Mustang Island by roadway. The southern end of the island is separated from Brazos Island by the Brazos Santiago Pass.</p><br>
<p>The town of South Padre Island is located on its southern end, but the island as a whole is sparsely populated. The central part of the island is preserved in a natural wild state as Padre Island National Seashore and part of the lower island is protected as part of the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge. Since 1964, the island has been divided by the artificial Port Mansfield Channel. The terms "North Padre Island" and "South Padre Island" are often used to refer to the separated portions of the island. Padre Island is included within the jurisdictions of Cameron, Kenedy, Kleberg, Nueces, and Willacy counties in Texas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was used and occupied seasonally by the Karankawa Indians at the time of European encounter. During Spanish rule, Father José Nicolás Ballí (also known as Padre Ballí), owned the island in the 19th century, when it was known as the Isla de Santiago land grant. Padre Island had been granted in 1759 to his Spanish colonist grandfather, Nicolás Ballí, by King Charles III of Spain. The younger Ballí&#39;s parents were both Spanish immigrants to Mexico and owned vast amounts of land by royal grants.</p><br>
<p>José Nicolás Ballí served as a secular priest and missionary; he also managed large amounts of land where he ran a ranching operation. In 1804 he founded the first ethnic Mexican settlement on the island as the town of "El Rancho Santa Cruz de Buena Vista" (later known as Lost City). In 1827 after Mexico achieved independence, Father Ballí requested a clear title to the property of Padre Island. His mother Rosa María Hinojosa de Ballí had made a joint application with him for eleven leagues of the island, but when reapplication was required in 1800, she withdrew her name in favor of him.</p><br>
<p>After Ballí died in 1829, the government granted title to the island to him posthumously, issued jointly in his name and that of his nephew Juan José Ballí. He had bequeathed half the island to his nephew, who had worked with him on his ranch.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, United States scientists considered Padre Island as one of eight candidate sites for the first test of an atomic bomb but chose White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico for the detonation.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically speaking, Padre Island is a young island, having formed in just the last several thousand years. It is one of 300 barrier islands stretching from Maine to Mexico. These natural barrier islands act to protect the mainland from the direct onslaught of storms.</p><br>
<p>Padre Island began forming as a submerged sand bar some 4500 years ago, as shown by radiocarbon dating of shells. Geologic speculation indicates the emerged island may be 1000 to 1500 years younger. Barrier island origins have been debated for many years by geologists, but it is agreed they are formed and modified by such factors as sediment type and supply, sea-level directional changes, current and wave strength and direction, and tide magnitude.</p><br>
<p>It is theorized that Padre Island formed from offshore shoals, with later growth aided by spit accretion. (A spit is a long, narrow tongue of sand extending from a mainland shoreline and formed by the shoreline drifting of sediments.) After a history of shifting, abandonment and reestablishment by storm breaches, many tidal inlets were slowly closed. Short islands were joined to form today&#39;s longer islands.</p><br>
<p>Padre Island graphically illustrates the life and sequences of a barrier shoreline: accretionary or building phase, equilibrium or stability phase, and erosion or destructional state. The northern half of Padre Island&#39;s shoreline is in equilibrium; the southern half (and much of the remaining Texas coastline) is in an erosional stage. Wind, wave and current action continue to rework and shape the island. South Padre Island has been in a destructive phase for a long time, probably having retreated landward (along with the lagoon and mainland shoreline).</p><br>
<p>All of Padre Island will probably retreat landward through long-term erosion due to three causes: interruption and decrease in sediment supply, relative sea level rise, and tropical storm activity. Today, hurricane washovers and wind-carried sand deposited in the Laguna Madre build Padre Island&#39;s landward side at the expense of the Laguna Madre.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<h3>Kemp's Ridley sea turtle</h3><br>
<p>On September 2007, Corpus Christi, Texas wildlife officials found a record 128 Kemps Ridley sea turtle nests on Texas beaches, including 81 in the Padre Island National Seashore and 4 on nearby Mustang Island. Wildlife officials had released 10,594 Kemps Ridleys hatchlings along the Texas coast in 2007. The turtles are endangered due to getting caught in shrimpers&#39; nets; they are widely hunted in Mexico as popular sources of boot material and food.</p><br>
<p>The Aloft Liverpool Hotel, formerly the Royal Insurance Building, is a historic building located at 1-9 North John Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It was built as the head office of the Royal Insurance Company.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed between 1896 and 1903 as the head office of the Royal Insurance Company. The design was the result of a competition won by James F. Doyle in 1895. The assessor for the competition was Norman Shaw, who was retained as an advisory architect for the project, but it is uncertain what part he played in it. The building is constructed around a steel frame and is the earliest example of this type of construction in the United Kingdom. It ceased to be used by the late 1980s, and its condition deteriorated so much that it was placed on the Buildings at Risk Register of English Heritage.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 its freehold was bought by Liverpool City Council, and it was converted it into a hotel. It opened as the Aloft Liverpool Hotel on 29 October 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Constructed around a steel frame, the building is in Portland stone, with a granite basement and ground floor. Its architecture is described as "sumptious Neo-Baroque on the grandest scale". The building is in four storeys with a basement and an attic. Its long front on North John Street has eleven bays, with three bays on Dale Street. The ground floor and basement are rusticated. The windows are three-light sash windows with round heads. Those on the first floor have Gibbs surrounds and iron balconies. In the second and third floors the windows are recessed behind a Doric colonnade and entablature. In the attic are dormers. Some of these have architraves, keystones, and either segmental or triangular pediments; the others are flat-topped and contain casement windows. The entrance is on the second bay from the left in North John Street. The doorway has Doric columns and is round-headed. The first floor contains a round-headed window surrounded by a portico with a broken segmental pediment containing carved figures. Above this bay rises a three-stage campanile bearing an octagonal cupola with a gilded dome. On the Dale Street façade is a Venetian window. The second floor contains a frieze designed by C. J. Allen depicting themes relating to insurance. At the corners of this front are octagonal turrets with cupolas and finials. Between the turrets at attic level are three round-headed windows with rusticated Ionic pilasters, an entablature, and an iron balcony.</p><br>
<p>The interior contains the former General Office on the ground floor which, because of the steel frame, is free from any columns. Above this, the former Board Room has a tunnel vault. Both rooms are decorated with stucco in 17th-century style. The building is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>There is an earlier Royal Insurance Building, dating from 1839, in nearby Queen Avenue, also Grade II* listed.</p><br>
<p>Lake Cunningham is an artificial lake in Lake Cunningham Park, in East San Jose, California, near the Eastridge Mall and Eastridge Transit Center. It is not a geological feature recognized in the Geographic Names Information System . It is located on Capitol Expressway and stands next to Reid-Hillview Airport. The Lake Cunningham Skate Park and Raging Waters theme park are also in Lake Cunningham Park.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Cunningham – Eastridge Mall area was one of Santa Clara Valley&#39;s three permanent wetland complex called "lagunas". The area was called Laguna Secayre during the initial Euro-American settlement (1769–1850). Laguna Secayre covered a much larger area than Lake Cunningham Park does now.</p><br>
<p>Due to intense urbanization in the surrounding hill areas, the storm water that historically exited the canyons and percolated through the gravel below ground was channeled into pipes below the streets to Thompson Creek and Lake Cunningham. This has led to an increase in runoff during the winter storms.</p><br>
<p>The lake and park are named after James F. Cunningham who owned the land before the city acquired it for flooding control.</p><br>
<p>Lake Monroe is a reservoir located about 10 miles  southeast of Bloomington, Indiana, United States. The lake is the largest entirely situated in Indiana with 10,750 acre of water surface area spread over the counties of Monroe and Brown. Capacity varies from 292 GL to 428 GL depending on water level. It is also home to 13,202 acre of protected forest and three recreational areas . Indiana&#39;s only federally protected USA Wilderness Area, the 13,000 acre Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area, is located on the south shore. The pool elevation  is about 538 ft  year-round. During colder winters, limited ice fishing is available on protected backwater portions of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Ransburg Scout Reservation, a large Boy Scout camp comprising over 624 acres, is situated along the eastern shore with a private dock system in Siscoe Bay (also known as Boy Scout Bay). The largest marina situated on the lake is the Fourwinds Resort and Marina with over 800 boats. The reservoir provides abundant fishing throughout the year, and recreational opportunities such as boating and water skiing attract visitors from throughout Indiana and the Midwest.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of Monroe</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the lake began in 1960 and was finished in 1965 at a cost of $16.5 million. Salt Creek was dammed south of Bloomington, Indiana and the reservoir fills the valley to the northeast of the dam extending into adjacent Brown County. It was thought that Elkinsville, a town in southern Brown County, had to be abandoned due to the path of the backwaters. Therefore, the town was acquired through the power of eminent domain. Later, this was found not to be necessary; the result of a mistake in elevation estimates. The lake was designed as a primary water source for the City of Bloomington and to prevent flood damage downstream. The lake was created and is still managed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District.</p><br>
<p>Namsan  is a 494-meter peak in the heart of Gyeongju National Park, just south of Gyeongju, South Korea. The mountain is within easy reach from the city and attracts a large number of national tourists. Namsan covers an area of about 8 km  by 12 km . Some 180 peaks are counted, of which Geumobong  and Gouibong  are the best-known. There are about 40 valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural remains</h2><br>
<p>Namsan is home to many historic and cultural remains, and is now part of the historic area around Gyeongju that was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Namsan is home to many remains from the Silla period, including some tombs of Silla rulers. There are hundreds of remains scattered around the mountain. Poseokjeong is one of the most famous of these sites, lying at the foot of Namsan. Other remains include Korean Buddhist art, sculptures, about 80 carved reliefs, about 60 stone pagodas and remains of about 100 temples and palaces mostly built between the 7th and 10th century. 12 of these relicts are designated national treasures.</p><br>
<p>The concentration of remains is particularly high at the foothills west of Namsan. The remains are thought to reflect the rise and fall of the Silla kingdom. Najeong Well is the mystic birthplace of King Park Hyeokgeose, founder of the Silla dynasty. Only a small stone with inscriptions remains of this site. According to legend, one day in 69 BC Seobeol—chieftain of Goheo village—spotted a white horse kneeling by Najeong well. When approaching the site to take a closer look, the horse disappeared, but he found an egg. From the egg hatched a boy who was chosen to become king at the age of 13.</p><br>
<p>The Yangsanjae shrine was built in honour of a founder who lived in Seorabeol before the Silla kingdom was established. A famous site is the three stone Buddha statue of Bae-ri. The site features three Buddha figures carved into stone. More recently, a roof was erected to protect the statues.</p><br>
<p>The sitting stone statue of Buddha in the Mireuk valley, the sitting image of Bodhisattva carved into a stone wall at Sinseonam are two of the designated national treasures. In addition, there are sites of local significance, such as the sitting figure of Sakyamuni carved on a rock in Samneung Valley. This figure is about 7 metres high and about 5 metres wide. It is the biggest sitting statue at Namsam.</p><br>
<p>Cheongwansa is a historic temple.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>Namsan is not only known for the Silla remains, but also appreciated by many tourists for its natural beauty.</p><br>
<p>Nam Mountain   is a peak, 262 m high, in the Jung-gu district of south central Seoul, South Korea. Although known as Mongmyeoksan, or 목멱산, in the past, it is now commonly referred to as Mt. Namsan. It offers some hiking, picnic areas and views of downtown Seoul&#39;s skyline. The N Seoul Tower is located on top of Mt. Namsan.</p><br>
<p>The mountain and its surrounding area is Namsan Park, a public park maintained by the city government, which has panoramic views of Seoul. It is also the location of a smoke signal station called Mongmyeoksan Bongsudae (Mongmyeoksan Beacon Tower, 목멱산 봉수대), which was part of an emergency communication system during much of Seouls history until 1985. From 1925 to 1945 the Shinto shrine known as Chōsen Jingū was situated on Mt. Namsan.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 a survey was conducted by Seoul Development Institute, which included 800 residents and 103 urban planners and architects. It ranked Mt. Namsan as the most scenic location in Seoul by 62.8 percent of residents and 70.9 percent of the experts surveyed.</p><br>
<p>The park and the fountain were used as the filming location for Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS)&#39;s drama Lovers in Paris.</p><br>
<p>Namsan is mentioned in South Korea&#39;s National Anthem.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>N Seoul Tower (Ntower): Ntower&#39;s height reaches 480 metres above sea level, and it sits in the 90 square metres of Mt. Namsan So. The Ntower is an iconic feature of Mt. Namsan and of the city of Seoul.</p><br>
<p>N Seoul Tower observation deck: N Seoul Tower has an observation deck where people have taken to locking padlocks as a symbol of their love. Some couples who visit here pledged their love for each other while locking a padlock on the rail with a short message.</p><br>
<p>Namsan Hanok Village: In 1990, for the first time, it was promoted as a distinct place in its own right. Seoul restored 24,180 acres of terrain which had been damaged for a long time and rejuvenated the traditional garden, and relocated and restored five Traditional Hanok buildings.</p><br>
<p>Pielinen is the fourth largest lake of Finland, with a drainage basin area of 12,823 km&sup2; that is equally distributed between eastern Finland and Russia. The creation of the lake and its outlet is attributed to a post-glacial isostatic rebound, which resulted in uplift of the land. As is common in Finnish lakes, the water color of the lake is dark on account of the high proportion of bogs present in the catchment of the drainage basin that drains humic substances.</p><br>
<p>Pielinen Lake is in the northernmost part of Karelia, which is the land of the Karelian peoples, a Northern European area of historical significance not only for Finland, but also for Russia and Sweden. Apart from the lake, several attractions on the shores of the lake are the Koli National Park known for its scenic beauty in summer and the winter sports of skiing, the whitewater rafting centre at Ruunaa Hiking Center, the active centres of Lieksa and Nurmes.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located at an elevation of 93.7 m in the North Karelia region in eastern Finland. It has a water spread area of 894.21 km&sup2; and a shore length of 610 m, and is bound within geographical coordinates of 62°54–63°33N and 29°07–30°14E. The maximum length is 120 km and the width varies from 1 to 40 km. The lake&#39;s drainage area of 12,823 km&sup2; is equally distributed between Finland and Russia. The maximum depth of water in the lake is 60 m with a reported mean depth of 9.9 m. The water courses that drain into the lake are the Haapajarvi-Valtimojarvi and Saramojoki from its north-west direction, Viekinjoki River and Lieksanjoki River from the north-east side, and flows from the small drainage basin of the Juvanjoki River into the west. The lake has many islands such the Paalasmaa (27.2 km), Kynsisaari (13.7 km&sup2;), Porosaari (10.4 km&sup2;), Toinensaari (8.2 km&sup2;), Hattusaari (6.3 km&sup2;), Koveronsaari (6.1 km&sup2;) and Retusaari (5.6 km&sup2;). The lake drains, unregulated, southward through the Pielis River into the larger Saimaa Lake of the large Vuoksi watercourse, which is used for timber floating. The variation in water level is limited to 1.2 m; water transport on the lake is thus substantial. The catchment of the lake is densely forested, particularly on its rugged western shore, which is capped by Koli hill. At (347 m), the point is the highest mountain in the catchment.</p><br>
<p>The shores have a diverse landscape including barren lands, rock faces, exposed soils and beaches. Land use within the Finnish part of the catchment of the lake consists of mostly of forest, which takes up 56.6% of the total area of 7,063 km&sup2 swamp accounts for another 27.2%; agricultural land takes 6.1%; with residential area and others using up 5.5%. The basin area is inhabited by 83,400 people (41,700 rural and 41,700 urban population). The two towns in the basin are Nurmes, at the northern tip of the lake, and Lieksa on the eastern shore, which have a population of 18,700 and 11,500 respectively. The Koli National Park forms the western shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The wooded vegetation is mainly made up of coniferous forests (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies), partly deciduous forests (Betula sp.) with the drainage basin categorized as belonging to the northern zone of conifers. The herbaceous vegetation in marsh areas consists of various grasses (Poaceae), sedge (Carex sp.) and moss (Sphagnum sp.). The agricultural crops grown in the area are barley, oat, grass and potato, which are mainly used for feeding domestic animals. It is, however, reported that agricultural use is on the decline. The primary industries in the basin are related to milk, meat and wood. The secondary industries in the basin consist of cardboard, sawed goods, milk products and rubber products.</p><br>
<p>The periphery of the lake has a large network of roads and, during winter when the lake freezes, an ice road is the short route from one bank to the other.</p><br>
<p>Road 73 passes through the Uimaharju on the southern side of the lake and goes through very scenic spots to the east end. The south end of the lake has a lock system at Pielisjoki, which connects to the Saimaa Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climatic data has been recorded at the two major towns in the lake basin, namely the Lieksa and Juuka during the period between 1931 and 1960. At Lieksa, the average annual rainfall was 583 mm with mean minimum and maximum temperatures recorded as -7.1 &deg;C (December) and 16.4 &deg;C (July). During the same period, the average rainfall at Juuka was 544 mm and the minimum and maximum temperatures recorded were -7.1 &deg;C (December) and 16.1 &deg;C (July) respectively. The lake freezes, on average, during the period from 21 November to 14 May, according to records from the years 1960 to 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The phytoplankton species recorded in the lake are Chlamydomonas spp., Monoraphidium confortum, M. dykowskii, Scenedesmus spp., Tabellaria flocculosa, T. fenestrata, Melosira sp., Mallomonas sp., Synura sp., Dinobryon sp., Merismopedia warmingiana, Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon gracile.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The fauna in the lake consists of eight types of benthos and ten types of fish species, out of which nine are economically important.</p><br>
<p>The benthos recorded in the lake are: Insecta – Dicrotenipeds pulsus, Glyptotendipens spp., Polypedilum pullum, Chaoborus flavicans, Stictochironomus spp., Tanytarsus spp. and Oligochaeta – Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri.</p><br>
<p>Salmon, which was previously endemic in the lake, is now extinct. Other fish species still found are: Perca fluviatilis, Esox lucius, Rutilus rutilus, Coregonus albula, C. mulesum, C. lavaretus, Lota lota, Abramis brama, Stizostedion lucioperca and Salmo trutta lacustris.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>The lake is categorized as mesotrophic. However, there are pockets of eutrophication zones. Bogs dominate the basin area, which causes flow of humic substances into the lake water. This has resulted in the lake water attaining a dark colour. This feature is said to be a typical characteristic of the lakes in Finland. Other parameters of chemical and physical properties of the lake waters measured relate to transparency (in meters), pH value, dissolved oxygen, COD, and concentrations of chlorophyll, nitrogen and phosphorus.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>The lake is used for navigation, particularly for the transportation of timber; timber floated in the Pielinen Lake is estimated at 1.2 million tonnes per year. Other uses are as a fishery resource (the fish catch in 1981 was reported at 644 tonnes), fish products of vendace and burbot, and for recreational purposes to promote tourism. Swimming, sport-fishing and yachting are common attractions. The lake provides water to the extent of 74,000 m&sup3; per day to industries and power plants.</p><br>
<h2>Threats</h2><br>
<p>Siltation is not an issue. However, toxic contaminants are regularly monitored including mercury, zinc, copper and DDT to ensure that the standards prescribed under food safety standards, or tolerance limits for the safe use of water, are fully maintained. There is very limited pollution from sewage, municipal wastes and industrial uses, as adequate standards for sewage treatment and sanitary facilities are maintained.</p><br>
<h2>Regulations</h2><br>
<p>The basic National law that governs the lake and its basin is the Water law (1961, revised 1987) of Finland. The governmental ministries and agencies of Finland responsible for the complete upkeep of the lake are the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and the National Board of Waters and Environment.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Two major attractions around Pielinen Lake are Koli National Park and Paalasmaa Island.</p><br>
<h3>Koli National Park</h3><br>
<p>The Koli National Park is studded with islands, which are glorified in the Finnish national anthem as an important Finnish symbol. It was declared a National Park in 1991, after an intense debate between the environmentalist lobby and the owners of the land property over the location of the Hotel Koli, which stands at the top of its namesake hill. This park and its environs, which spread over a width of 347 m, has inspired Finnish artists Pekka Halonen and Eero Järnefelt to create artistic paintings with its scenic beauty. It is approachable by ferry from the mainland. As a popular winter sport resort, this park provides the adventure sports of hiking and boating during summer; it has a network of walking paths, which cover nearly 90 km. A road link is also available to the hotel from the car park at the lower level. The highest point on the hill top is called the Ukko-Koli, which is linked to another peak called the Akka Koli. On the western side of Akka Koli is the "Temple of Silence," which is a place for meditation. There is stone altar here and a cross mounted on the rock. Another peak close nearby is known as the Paha-Koli and to its south is the scenic view point known as Mäkrävaara. The Koli Village, within the park premises, has the information office, Internet facility and a post office. The visitor centre at the park is called the Luontokeskus Ukko (Ukko Nature Centre), where exhibitions are held on the history, nature and geology of the park. Two ski centres, used during the winter, are established here; they are known as Ukko-Koli and Loma-Koli, both of which boast nine lifts and 60 km of cross country trails, with lighting along 24 km of the trail. It is one of the most accessible ski resorts in Finland. The hills here are covered with pine and birch trees.</p><br>
<p>The national park has nine basic huts and camping grounds. There are also a marina and swimming beach on the shores of the lake, where a Finnish dancing stage called the huvilava stands. Row boats are also available for rowing across the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Paalasmaa Island</h3><br>
<p>The Paalasmaa Island is the largest in the lake, with its peak rising to 225 m above mean sea level. Access to the island is through ferry services. An observatory tower stands on the island; old houses that reflect the history of the island can be seen along a trail marked tornille (to the tower).</p><br>
<h2>Ice Road</h2><br>
<p>Pielinen hosts an ice road, during most winters, between the villages of Koli and Vuonislahti. The ice road is 7 km long and shortens the road distance between the two villages by 60 km. The date of opening varies depending on the climatic conditions each year; the earliest the road ever opened was during the 2010-2011 winter, on the 15th day of December. Previously the winter of 1995-1996 had witnessed the earliest opening, on the 29th day of December. In the winter of 2009-2010, the road did not open until mid-January, whilst in 2008-2009 the road opened in mid-February. Helsingin Sanomat has stated that the road is probably the longest of its kind in Europe; however, this assertion is incorrect, as the Hiiumaa Ice Road in Estonia is 25 km, and is more widely believed to Europe&#39;s longest.</p><br>
<h2>Popular interest</h2><br>
<p>The asteroid 1536 Pielinen is named after the Pielinen Lake.</p><br>
<p>Barren River Lake is a 10,100 acre, reservoir in Kentucky created by the USA Army Corps of Engineers in 1964 by impounding the Barren River. The lake occupies parts of Allen, Barren, and Monroe counties.</p><br>
<p>The Barren River Lake Dam is an earthen dam, 146 feet high and 3970 feet long at its crest. The USA Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for operation and maintenance of the project, and responsible for protection of the resource. A small segment of the property owned by the USA Army Corps of Engineers is leased to Barren River Lake State Resort Park and lies along a section of shoreline in Barren County.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>The lake has three large islands.</p><br>
<p>In the widest part of the lake, there are two large islands, each about one square mile in size. And another smaller island near the main boat ramp and camp-site.</p><br>
<p>There is also another, which is sometimes partly connected to the surrounding land, but sometimes surrounded by lake water, depending on water levels.</p><br>
<p>Lake Chicot is a lake located near Lake Village, Arkansas. It is the largest oxbow lake in North America and the largest natural lake in Arkansas, formed 600 years ago by the meandering of the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>The name Chicot, French for "stumpy," refers to the many cypress stumps and trees along the lake banks. The lake is approximately 3/4 miles wide and 21–22 miles long from end to end, forming a traditional "C" shape (when viewed from overhead, with top being north and bottom being south and the open end of the "C" facing east).</p><br>
<p>According to legend, Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto is buried in Lake Chicot. He died in 1542 during his expedition through the Southeast of North America.</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism operates Lake Chicot State Park on the northern end of the lake, Chicot County also operates a county park on the eastern side of the lake across from Lake Village. Located at the State Park are a bait shop, fish cleaning station, and pier. The bait shop also has boat rentals. At the state park visitors&#39; center, there are cabins for rent and camping spots. There is also a wildlife museum, featuring creatures found in and around Lake Chicot.</p><br>
<p>American pilot Charles Lindbergh, known for making the first transatlantic flight, made his first ever nighttime flight over Lake Chicot and Lake Village in April 1923.</p><br>
<p>Buckhorn Lake, located south of Buckhorn, Kentucky, United States and northwest of Hazard, Kentucky off Kentucky Route 28, is a 1,230 acre reservoir created by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1967 by impounding the Kentucky River.</p><br>
<p>Buckhorn Lake is an impoundment of the Middle Fork of the Kentucky River. Buckhorn Dam is an earthen dam, 160 feet high and 1,020 feet in length at its crest, with a maximum capacity of 167,900 acre-feet and normal storage of 32,100 acre feet. The origin of the lakes name is uncertain. Some claim the name is taken from the discovery of a bucks horn at a nearby salt lick. Others claim that it is named for a buck killed by Jerry Smith, the area&#39;s first settler.</p><br>
<p>Buckhorn Lake is home to a sizable population of muskie, making it an attractive destination for fishermen.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Buckhorn Lake has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.</p><br>
<p>Cave Run Lake, located south of Morehead, Kentucky, USA along Kentucky Route 801, is an 8,270 acre, reservoir built by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The, half-mile  dam  construction began in 1965 and was completed in 1973. Cave Run Lake is in the northern part of the Daniel Boone National Forest. Cave Run Lake provides flood protection to the lower Licking River valley, supplies water to the areas communities, improves the Licking Rivers water flow conditions, and offers a habitat for various species of fish and wildlife. It is in Rowan, Morgan, Menifee, and Bath counties.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The largest muskie ever caught in Kentucky (47 lb.) was caught in Cave Run Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake also provides various other recreational activities (swimming, boating & sailing, canoe and kayak, jet skiing, camping, hiking, well known for Mountain Bike trails, etc.)</p><br>
<p>There are two marinas that serve the lake, Scott&#39;s Creek Marina and Long Bow Marina.</p><br>
<p>Zilpo Road A scenic byway, is one road which provides access to the Bath County side of Cave Run Lake and is usually accessible throughout the year. The byway provides access to pioneer weapons hunting areas, a campground, and numerous hiking trails.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lanier Islands is a small group of islands on Lake Lanier, the largest lake in Georgia, located north of Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The islands are a primary recreational destination for the Atlanta area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Lanier islands were originally large hills near Gainesville. After the creation of Buford Dam and the flooding of part of the Chattahoochee River valley created Lake Lanier, the hills became the largest chain of islands in the lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, The US Army Corps of Engineers leased Lake Lanier Islands to the Georgia Department of State Parks, who partnered with the newly created Lake Lanier Islands Development Authority (LLIDA) in 1962 to manage and develop a recreational venue for the citizens of Georgia to enjoy. By 1974, Lake Lanier Islands celebrated its first year of operation with the debut of the Harbor Landing boat docks, as well as the campgrounds, stables, beaches, golf course, and Pine Isle Hotel. A water park opened on the islands in 1987. During this time the State of Georgia contracted with the KSL Corporation to take over the day-to-day management and operations of Lake Lanier Islands.</p><br>
<p>In August 2005, it was announced that local businessman Virgil Williams, through his venture, Lake Lanier Islands Management Company, had bought the Islands from the KSL corporation. He officially took control on August 26. The purchase was for 14.5 million, which did not include the actual land, only the resort. Since purchasing the resort, the KLL Corporation has worked to improve the islands. After nearly 30 years of operation the original Pine Isle Resort was demolished.</p><br>
<p>Events held on the islands include annual Independence Day fireworks, on the lake, full moon parties, and "Magical Nights of Lights."</p><br>
<p>Under the ownership of the Islands Management company, the property has received numerous upgrades and renovations. In 2008, Islands Management Company completed their first of many renovations at Legacy Lodge & Conference Center when the previous Emerald Point Hotel & Conference Center "was completely rebuilt using only the shell of the original structure." In April 2014, Legacy Lodge opened a saltwater lounging pool, replacing their previous pool and hot tubs. In the summer of 2016, Legacy Lodge & Conference center, the hotel on Lanier Islands, underwent a 2 million dollar renovation. The upgrades included "214 rooms now have new hardwood floors, artwork and decor with an outdoors theme, as well as new bedding, mini-refrigerators and Keurig coffee makers. Other upgrades include newly painted woodwork and ceilings throughout the hotel, new wallcoverings in guest rooms and corridors, new carpets in corridors and new lighting and window treatments."</p><br>
<p>Teishebaini  referring more to the hill that the fortress is located upon) was the capital of the Transcaucasian provinces of the ancient kingdom of Urartu. It is located near the modern city of Yerevan in Armenia. The site was once a fortress and governmental centre with towered and buttressed perimeter walls, massive gates, a parade ground within its walls, and storage rooms that entirely occupied the ground floor. The site of the city, palace and citadel together measure over 0.45 km&sup2;. The name Karmir Blur translates to "Red Hill" because of the hill&#39;s reddish hue. It became this color after the city was set on fire and the upper walls which were made of tuff fell and crumbled because of the heat. After the tuff was heated by the fire, it took on a more intense red color and therefore the hill became red. The lower portions of the walls were left standing after the fire since they were built with a stronger stone. Teishebaini is situated at a height of 901 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Teishebaini was built by Rusa II in mid-7th century BC to protect the eastern borders of Urartu from the barbaric Cimmerians and Scythians. Within the city was a governors palace that contained a hundred and twenty rooms spreading across more than 40,000 m&sup2, and citadel named the Citadel of Teisheba after the Urartian god of war. The palace was made of stone, with timber ceilings, and timber columns that supported the roof. The construction of the city, palace, and the citadel were not fully finished until the reign of Rusa III, some 50 years later.</p><br>
<p>Agriculture was essential to the city, as was raising livestock. The Urartians built massive water canals, some of which are still in use to this day. Archaeological excavations have shown that lentils, hemp, peas, sesame, wheat, and barley were some of the grains that were grown in the area, as well as grapes and plums. The grape seeds that had been found were examined further and it revealed that twelve varieties of grape were grown in the surrounding area of Teishebaini during this time. All of these ancient varieties and more are still grown to this day in modern Armenia. Smaller ceramic vessels were also found in excavations and are known to have been used in brewing beer made from barley. Other much larger vessels were used for storing foods and wine. Small circular markings on the sides of the containers near the top indicated the amount that could be stored inside. The vessels were usually buried half-way into the soil which naturally kept foods cool.</p><br>
<p>The ancient Armenian site of Karmir Blur is on the right bank of the Hrazdan River, near the highway that runs from Yerevan to Yeghvard, behind the Institute of Physics building. The site was discovered in 1939 after being buried for more than two and a half millennia. A cuneiform inscription had been found three years earlier that led to the discovery of the ancient city. It read, Rusa Argishti-hini which translates to "Rusa, son of Argishti" also known as Rusa II. Another set of cuneiform inscriptions were found written upon a bronze belt and bronze bolt, both bearing the words "Rusa Argishti, fortress of the city of Teishebaini." The inscriptions helped date the site and tell who its builder was. In 1941 an ivory statuette of the god Teisheba was found within the citadel. The excavations here are considered as one of the most important archaeological discoveries and findings in the Middle East, the Near East and Asia Minor. Some of the findings include carved ivory, stone, ceramics, metal figurines, pottery and an astonishing wide variety of bronze domestic tools and utensils, military equipment decorated with mythological symbols, forms and animals, daggers, swords, helmets, arrows, quivers, shields of an advanced metallurgy, as well as vases, bracelets, earrings and medallions in gold and varied sets of other jewelry. Pottery found in the site was either painted black or had painted designs such as waves of water.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence shows that the city of Teishebaini was destroyed by fire sometime around the beginning of the 6th century BC. Numerous fragments of cloth, rope, and other items such as seeds have been found charred from the citys destruction. It is thought that Teishebaini was attacked during the night since numerous human remains have been found, and rooms within the buildings still had everything in them as if the people living within the citys walls had no chance to flee. During the excavations, skeletons were found holding objects of gold in their hands. It is theorized that when the city was set on fire, that residents of the city began either to loot or save their own possessions from the burning buildings as the city was under attack.</p><br>
<p>Newfound Lake is located in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. It is situated in the Lakes Region of central New Hampshire, in the towns of Alexandria, Bridgewater, Bristol, and Hebron. Its area of 4,451 acre places it behind only Lake Winnipesaukee and Squam Lake among lakes located entirely within New Hampshire, and fourth in the state overall, when Umbagog Lake on the Maine border is included. Newfound Lake is refreshed twice a year by eight underground springs and has 22 mi of shore line. The lake is about 2.5 mi wide and 6 mi long. The deepest point is 183 ft. Major tributaries include the Fowler River and the Cockermouth River. Its outlet is the Newfound River, flowing through Bristol village into the Pemigewasset River. The lake volume is 98 billion gallons of water.</p><br>
<p>Wellington State Park, containing the largest freshwater swimming beach in the New Hampshire state park system, is a 204 acre property located on the lake&#39;s west shore in the town of Bristol.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the lakes name is a mystery. An uncertain tradition says that the Native Americans called it "Pasquaney", meaning "the place where birch bark for canoes is found". Multiple maps from the 1700s detail the lake but do not list a name. For example, when in 1752 Emmanuel Brown published a New and Accurate Map of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and New England, the lake was not referenced with a name. In 1755, Thomas Jefferys published a Map of the Most Inhabited Parts of New England with the lake shown, but still it had no name. Six years later, in 1761, a map called the Accurate Map of his Majestys Province of New Hampshire detailed the map of the area without acknowledging the name of the lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1751, John Kendall and Jonathan Farwell participated in marking the western lands of the Masonian proprietors. At this time, they referred to lake as Newfound or Baker&#39;s Pond. In 1791, Jeremy Belknap referred to the lake as New Chester Pond in his History of New Hampshire. The first written records appear in 1766 when the New Chester proprietors refer to the lake as "Newfound pond".</p><br>
<p>In his poem "Pasquaney Lake", Bristol native Fred Lewis Pattee twice refers to Newfound Lake as Pasquaney.</p><br>
<p>Ah Loch Katrine,</p><br>
<p>Thy beauties have the bards of Scotia sung</p><br>
<p>From days untold</p><br>
<p>And every clime has seen</p><br>
<p>Thy crystal pool by mountains overhung,</p><br>
<p>Thy tints of gold,—</p><br>
<p>But not for me thy charms fair Loch Katrine,</p><br>
<p>For I will dream my summer days away</p><br>
<p>Where on the beach the lazy ripples play</p><br>
<p>Of that sweet lake unsung and half unknown, —</p><br>
<p>Pasquaney, &#39;mid the forest dells alone.</p><br>
<p>Why cross the sea.</p><br>
<p>To view the Trossachs wild in Scotia&#39;s land ?</p><br>
<p>For mile on mile</p><br>
<p>The rugged mountains free</p><br>
<p>About my lake are piled on every hand,</p><br>
<p>And Ellen&#39;s Isle</p><br>
<p>Beneath a beetling cliff here one may see,</p><br>
<p>And bare and lone against the western skies</p><br>
<p>Behold the sentry peak Ben Ledi rise.</p><br>
<p>O that another "Wizzard of the North"</p><br>
<p>Might rise to sound their modest praises forth.</p><br>
<p>And bright Lemain,</p><br>
<p>The sad-souled Byron found delight in thee.</p><br>
<p>And every clime</p><br>
<p>Has joined in rapturous strain</p><br>
<p>To praise Fair Como, gem of Italy,</p><br>
<p>But no dark crime</p><br>
<p>Has dyed Pasquaney with unseemly stain,</p><br>
<p>For on my lake there stands no dark Chillon,</p><br>
<p>With dungeon towers to dim the rays of morn,</p><br>
<p>No haughty Rome has ever ruled by thee,</p><br>
<p>Thy streams are fetterless, thy waves are free.</p><br>
<p>O Mountain Lake,</p><br>
<p>Would I could free thee from a name uncouth,</p><br>
<p>And could restore</p><br>
<p>The name that thou didst take</p><br>
<p>From that dark race that loved thy lonely youth</p><br>
<p>In days of yore,</p><br>
<p>The name that hints of breezes half awake,</p><br>
<p>The voice of wild ducks sporting in the flags,</p><br>
<p>The trouts bold leap, the rustling birches rags,</p><br>
<p>The honk of wild geese on an autumn noon.</p><br>
<p>The wild, unearthly laughter of the loon.</p><br>
<h2>Original landowners</h2><br>
<p>The lake was originally fought over by John Mason and Peter Wheelright, who both claimed they owned a large plot of land with the lake being inside that plot. On November 7, 1629, Mason, a merchant from London, had the land from Newfound Lake to the Merrimack River in Massachusetts granted to him. Six months earlier, Reverend Peter Wheelright bought a large plot of land from native Indians that was similar to the land John Mason received. The argument went to court and lasted for more than one hundred years.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, Mason&#39;s sixth heir, John Tufton Mason, won the case and sold the land to a syndicate known as the Masonian proprietors. On September 14, 1753, a syndicate living in Chester, New Hampshire, bought the land from the Mason proprietors and the land became known as New Chester. On February 12, 1788, the territory was divided up, and the territory north and east of Newfound Lake and the Newfound River was incorporated as Bridgewater. Two thirds of the lake was incorporated as Bristol on June 24, 1819.</p><br>
<h2>Current fish</h2><br>
<p>There are twenty-two identified different species of fish that can be found in the Newfound Lake watershed.</p><br>
<p>Brook trout</p><br>
<p>Brown bullhead</p><br>
<p>Burbot</p><br>
<p>Chain pickerel</p><br>
<p>Common shiner</p><br>
<p>Creek chub</p><br>
<p>Eastern blacknose dace</p><br>
<p>Fallfish</p><br>
<p>Golden shiner</p><br>
<p>Lake trout</p><br>
<p>Landlocked salmon</p><br>
<p>Longnose dace</p><br>
<p>Margined madtom</p><br>
<p>Rainbow smelt</p><br>
<p>Rainbow trout</p><br>
<p>Redbreast sunfish</p><br>
<p>Rock bass</p><br>
<p>Round whitefish</p><br>
<p>Slimy sculpin</p><br>
<p>Smallmouth bass</p><br>
<p>White sucker</p><br>
<p>Yellow perch</p><br>
<p>Of these twenty-two fish species, six of them have been selected as needing special consideration from the 2006 New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan. The six species are brook trout, burbot, lake trout, rainbow smelt, round whitefish, and slimy sculpin. This is based on population status, integral ecological function of a species, or the ability of a species to indicate a healthy aquatic ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>Every year, the lake is stocked with additional fish. The fish stocking that occurs in Newfound Lake happens between mid-March and early July. In 2011, Newfound Lake was stocked with 305 landlocked salmon, with a total weight of 2,622 lb, and 1,845 rainbow trout weighing 2,589 lb.</p><br>
<h2>History of Newfound Lake fish</h2><br>
<p>In 1890, the New Hampshire Fish and Game Commissioner stocked 15,000 landlocked salmon into the Fowler River, and in 1898, the NH Fish and Game Commission stocked 40,000 white fish from Lake Superior.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the state built a fish hatching house located on the Newfound River because of the "ease with which the trout could be dipped from the spawning beds and stripped of the spawn." The house was 20 by and could hold 750,000 eggs. In 1897 a larger house was constructed, which held 1,000,000 Lake Trout eggs, 125,000 Brook Trout eggs, and 65,000 Landlocked Salmon eggs all in its first year of operation. After years of declining trout numbers, a screen was built at the outlet of the lake to prevent the fish from swimming down the Newfound River.</p><br>
<h2>Steamboats</h2><br>
<p>Newfound Lake has hosted multiple steamboats in its waters. The first steamboat, called the Pioneer, was owned by Capt. George W. Dow. It was first placed in the lake in 1865. It was eventually destroyed by a fire. In 1878, Edward M. Drake put his steamer the Cardigan into the lake. The Cardigan was 56 ft long and was in use until 1883. That same year, the 28 ft steamboat Lady Helen was put in the lake, but was also destroyed in a fire. In May 1900, at Kimball&#39;s beach, the Stella-Marion was launched. It towed mail and passengers around for 15 years until it was destroyed in a fire on September 2, 1915.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouses</h2><br>
<p>Reed Lighthouse is located on West Shore Road next to the Ledges. It was built in 1932.</p><br>
<p>Newfound Lighthouse is located at the Paradise Point Lodge on Route 3A in Bridgewater.</p><br>
<h2>Lake conservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1971, the Newfound Lake Region Association (NLRA) registered with the New Hampshire Secretary of State which created a group whose purpose was to protect the waters of Newfound Lake and the surrounding land. There are currently 6,653 acre of land in conservation.</p><br>
<p>Winnisquam Lake is in Belknap County in the Lakes Region of central New Hampshire, United States, in the communities of Meredith, Laconia, Sanbornton, Belmont, and Tilton. At 4,214 acre, it is the fourth-largest lake entirely in New Hampshire. The lake is primarily fed by the outlet from Lake Winnipesaukee, and Winnisquam&#39;s outlet is the Winnipesaukee River, flowing to the Merrimack River. The lake has a maximum depth of 170 ft.</p><br>
<p>The lake is only a few miles from Interstate 93 via Exit 20 for USA Route 3 and New Hampshire Route 11. Winnisquam has two basins, a larger northern basin and a smaller southern one, with a bridge carrying Routes 3 and 11 separating them. The village of Winnisquam is at the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Abenaki people occupied the Winnisquam and Winnipesaukee area until colonists arrived in the mid-18th century. Winnisquam&#39;s surrounding county, Belknap, was founded in 1840 and named after Jeremy Belknap, a Congregational clergyman and prominent historian.</p><br>
<p>Winnisquam Lake is home to many species of fish. Cold water species include rainbow trout, lake trout, landlocked salmon, and whitefish. The warm water species include small- and largemouth bass, pickerel, horned pout, white perch, northern pike, walleye, black crappie, bluegill, and yellow perch. Remote lake and brook trout stocking is common when authorities find it necessary.</p><br>
<p>Qasr Ibrim  is an archaeological site in Lower Nubia, located in the modern country of Egypt. The name dates far back into antiquity; it was Pedeme to the Meroitic inhabitants, and Primis to the Romans. The site has a long history of occupation, ranging from as early as the eighth century BC to 1813 AD, and was an economic, political, and religious center. Originally it was a major city perched on a cliff above the Nile, but the flooding of Lake Nasser after the construction of the Aswan High Dam transformed it into an island and flooded its outskirts. Qasr Ibrim is the only major archaeological site in Lower Nubia to have survived the Nile floods. Both prior to and after the Nile floods, it has remained a major site for archaeological investigations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Human habitation at the site dates from the Late Period of ancient Egypt, but it reached its greatest prominence in the Middle Ages, when the area was the home of the Eparch of Nobatia. Qasr Ibrim is the source of the largest collection of Old Nubian documents ever found, including the records of the Eparch. The site was occupied until 1813, when the last occupants were driven out by artillery fire. Today the island is closed to all but archaeologists.</p><br>
<h3>Egyptian influence</h3><br>
<p>Egypts influence in Nubia began around 2,000 BC, when Egyptian invaded and claimed sovereignty over the area. Many Egyptian artifacts and evidence of Egyptian architecture have been found at Qasr Ibrim. The earliest inscription at the site is a stela, a stone or wooden slab, from the reign of Amenhotep I. The stela was found in a now-ruined Christian Byzantine cathedral at Qasr Ibrim where it had been reused in one of the churchs crypts. The stela is now located in the British Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Roman occupation</h3><br>
<p>The site was partly rebuilt "under the prefecture of Gaius Petronius during Augustus reign." Qasr Ibrim played a key role in Romes defense of the Aswan region, and was likely held until 100 AD or later. The fortress, constructed by Roman military engineers, was the strongest in the Nile Valley at this time.</p><br>
<h3>A center of Christianity</h3><br>
<p>During Roman times the town was one of the last bastions of paganism, its six temples converting to Christianity two centuries later than the rest of Egypt. It then became one of the main Christian centers in Lower Nubia. Christianity first came to Qasr Ibrim in the 6th century, but had little effect. It wasn&#39;t until the city became part of the kingdom of Makuria, in the early 8th century, that Qasr Ibrim became a center for Christianity. This continued even through the fifteenth century when the Makurian kingdom became Islamic. The city held out against Islam until the 16th century, when a unit of Bosnian soldiers, part of the Ottoman army, occupied the site. The Bosnian soldiers stayed on and eventually married into the local Nubian community, using part of the cathedral as a mosque.</p><br>
<p>Two churches remain on the site. The Taharqa Church was most likely built between 542-580 AD, this would make it one of Nubias earliest churches. Like many of the first churches in Nubia, it would have been constructed within the walls of the already present temples. Qasr Ibrims cathedral was built later, though the date of construction in unclear. Archaeologists currently believe it was constructed in the first half of the eighth century.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The site was first excavated by David Randall-MacIver and C. Leonard Woolley for the Eckley B. Coxe Expedition for the University of Pennsylvania in 1911. In 1963, excavations were started by the Egyptian Exploration Society and have continued periodically to the present day. Cemeteries found east and west of the main settlement were excavated in 1932 and 1961. There are still areas around the complex that have yet to be excavated, although some sites, including those near the river, were destroyed in floods caused by the Aswan Dam.</p><br>
<h3>Evidence for plant and animal use</h3><br>
<p>The almost rainless conditions of the area have created excellent preservation of organic materials. Pot sherds dated to the post-Meroitic period (AD 350-600) show evidence of both date palm and doum palm residue. Various samples of sorghum dating from between 800 BC to AD 1800 have also been found at Qasr Ibrim. There are four forms of sorghum that are found on the site. From when the site was settled until around 100 AD only wild sorghum can be found. From 100 AD until around 1500 AD an early form of cultivated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, ssp. bicolor, race Bicolor) is found. Around 1200 AD an advanced form of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, ssp. bicolor, race Durra) appears. Between the 5 and 7th centuries AD a transitional race is also present.</p><br>
<p>There are believed to be three phases of agricultural history, the Napatan occupation, the Roman occupation, and the Meroitic periods. Listed below are the main crops that have been identified in each phase:</p><br>
<p>Napatan (mid 8th-mid 7th century BC):</p><br>
<p>emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)</p><br>
<p>hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)</p><br>
<p>broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)</p><br>
<p>flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)</p><br>
<p>Roman (25 BC-mid 1st century AD):</p><br>
<p>emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)</p><br>
<p>hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)</p><br>
<p>broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)</p><br>
<p>flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)</p><br>
<p>cotton (Gossypium sp.)</p><br>
<p>Meroitic (AD 100-300):</p><br>
<p>sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)</p><br>
<p>hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)</p><br>
<p>durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum)</p><br>
<p>bread wheat (Triticum aestivum)</p><br>
<p>The site has also revealed many archaeozoological remains, though they have not been as heavily studied as the botanical remains. Evidence of a heavily sheep and goat based economy has been found, along with large numbers of juvenile cattle. These cattle remains suggest a meat- and milk-based economy. The cattle could also have been used for religious ceremonies at the Meroitic Temple.</p><br>
<h3>Artifacts</h3><br>
<p>Qasr Ibrim is known not only for its organic remains, textiles have also been found at the site. During the Roman occupation of the site sandals, textiles, and leather fragments were left behind. Woolen fabrics are believed to have brought to Qasr Ibrim in 23 BC by the Romans. Cotton fabrics were not introduced until the first century AD by the Meroitic peoples. The un-dyed Meroitic fabrics differ from the wool of the Romans, which has been found in blues and other bright colors.</p><br>
<p>The conditions at Qasr Ibrim have also preserved a large number of documents, including Greek, Arabic, Coptic and Nubian. Earlier documents were written on papyrus, though parchment was the preferred material for sacred texts. Paper was not common writing material in Nubia until the twelfth century. The nature of the documents range from a variety of religious and secular texts,including personal letters, and religious documents. These documents show the significance of Qasr Ibrim as a frontier society, and the importance of a vast trade network.</p><br>
<p>Dolphin and Union Strait lies in both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada, between the mainland and Victoria Island. It links Amundsen Gulf, lying to the northwest, with Coronation Gulf, lying to the southeast. The southeastern end of the strait is marked by Austin Bay. It gets its name from the two boats used by John Richardson  who first explored it in 1826.</p><br>
<p>The Inuit who use this area have been variously known as the Copper Inuit, the Copper Eskimos, or the "People at the end of the world," because few other aboriginal groups had continuously used the area before. This is partly why the first explorers who ventured into this awe-inspiring, lethally-formidable landscape, were amazed by the "blond" Inuit they had encountered.</p><br>
<p>There are several islands within the strait, including the Liston and Sutton Islands, historically home to the Noahonirmiut band of Copper Inuit.</p><br>
<p>The strait is about 161 km long and ranges from 32 to 64 km in width. When frozen, it is used by Barren-ground caribou, known the Dolphin and Union herd, to reach Victoria Island for the summer and to return to the mainland for the winter. Eider ducks are also found in the strait.</p><br>
<p>The caribou are known locally as tuktu which is understood across the circumpolar world. Conversely, eider ducks are called kingalik which means, simply, "big-nose".</p><br>
<p>In recent decades, the local Inuvialuit have seen the reduction in average winter sea-ice thickness from roughly 6 to 7 ft in the early 1960s to about 110 to 120 cm even in the dead of winter today. There is also a preponderance of new species from flies to wasps, and new birds arriving that have never been seen before; grizzlies roam where they were once that most rare curiosity.</p><br>
<p>Dunn&#39;s River Falls is a famous waterfall near Ocho Rios, Jamaica and a major Caribbean tourist attraction that receives thousands of visitors each year.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>At about 180 ft high and 600 ft long, the waterfalls are terraced like giant natural stairs though some incorporate man-made improvements. Several small lagoons are interspersed among the vertical sections of the falls.</p><br>
<p>The falls empty into the Caribbean Sea at the western end of a white-sand beach.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Climbing the waterfalls is a popular tourist activity and is often, but not exclusively, performed with the help of tour guides from the park. It takes about 1-1.5 hours to climb with short breaks for photographs and video recordings taken by the guides. There are also stairs alongside of the falls for those who do not want to get wet or are unable to manage the rocky, uneven terrain of the actual waterfall.</p><br>
<p>The falls are bordered by lush, green vegetation that shades the area from the sun and keeps the area, and climbers, cool. The climb can be relatively hard so is often undertaken as a hand-holding human chain led by a guide to make it easier.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The falls were the location where the Battle of Las Chorreras took place in 1657, when the British defeated a Spanish expeditionary force from Cuba. A plaque placed at the bottom of the falls by the Jamaican Historical Society commemorates the event (see photo).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Dunn’s River, a short stream dropping only 55 m from its source to the sea, is fed by spring water rich with calcium carbonate and deposits travertine forming a sequence of tufa terraces. Such waterfalls are described by geologists as "a living phenomenon" because they are continuously rebuilt by the sediments in spring water.</p><br>
<p>Dunn&#39;s River Falls is one of the very few travertine waterfalls in the world that empties directly into the sea.</p><br>
<p>The Panjshir Valley  is a valley in north-central Afghanistan, 150 km north of Kabul, near the Hindu Kush mountain range. Located in the Panjshir Province it is divided by the Panjshir River. The valley is home to more than 140,000 people, including Afghanistan&#39;s largest concentration of ethnic Tajiks. In April 2004, it became the heart of the new Panjshir Province.</p><br>
<p>It was the site of the Panjshir offensives fought between the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviets against the mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan from 1980 to 1985. The valley again witnessed renewed fighting during the civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001) between Taliban and the Northern Alliance under the command of Ahmad Shah Massoud.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name AminPanjshir, literally meaning "Five Lions", refers to five Wali (literally, protectors), highly spiritual brothers who were centered in the valley. Local legend has it that the five brothers built a dam for Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century AD. The foundations serve today for a modern reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Economy and natural resources</h2><br>
<p>The Panjshir Valley has the potential to become a major centre of emerald mining. As early as the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder commented on gemstones from the region. In the Middle Ages, Panjshir was famed for its silver mining and the Saffarids and Samanids minted their coins there. As of 1985, crystals upwards of 190 carat had been found there, reported to rival in quality the finest crystals of the Muzo mine in Colombia. The valley has the potential of being an energy hub for Afghanistan, through construction of several electric dams. Rewat locality can be the site of the first electric dam. The valley can make the region around the Afghan capital electricity self-reliant. The construction of an asphalted road to the Badakhshan Province can contribute to the prosperity of the valley. Tourism can constitute another major source of income.</p><br>
<p>The Panjshir has always been an important highway. Nearly 100 km long, it leads to two passes over the Hindu Kush – the Khawak Pass (3,848 m) leading to the northern plains, and the Anjoman Pass (4,430 m) that crosses into Badakhshan – used by the armies of Alexander the Great and Timur.</p><br>
<p>A 10-turbine wind farm was built in Panjshir Valley in April 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Panjshir Valley is the central setting of Ken Follett&#39;s 1985 spy novel Lie Down with Lions.</p><br>
<p>The valley is featured in Steven Pressfield&#39;s 2006 historical novel The Afghan Campaign.</p><br>
<p>The Panjshir Valley and a description of the same is mentioned in Eric Newby&#39;s famous A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush.</p><br>
<p>The valley is discussed in The Lion&#39;s Grave by journalist Jon Lee Anderson.</p><br>
<p>Annapurna II is part of the Annapurna mountain range, and is the eastern anchor of the range. It was first climbed in 1960 by a British/Indian/Nepalese team led by J. O. M. Roberts via the West Ridge, approached from the north. The summit party comprised Richard Grant, Chris Bonington, and Sherpa Ang Nyima. In terms of elevation, isolation  and prominence , Annapurna II does not rank far behind Annapurna I Main, which serves as the western anchor. It is a fully independent peak, despite the close association with Annapurna I Main which its name implies.</p><br>
<p>Yugoslavs from Slovenia repeated this ascent in 1969, also climbing Annapurna IV. Kazmir Draslar and Majija Malezic reached the summit. In 1973 Japanese shortcut the route by climbing directly up the north face between IV and V before continuing along the west ridge. Katsuyuki Kondo reached the top in a remarkable solo performance.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, Tim Macartney-Snape planned and participated in an expedition to Annapurna II (7,937 m) successfully reaching the summit via the first ascent of the south spur. The descent was delayed by a blizzard and the expedition ran out of food during the last five days. They were reported missing and when the expedition eventually returned they received significant publicity.</p><br>
<p>On Feb 2, 2007; Philipp Kunz, Lhakpa Wangel, Temba Nuru and Lhakpa Thinduk made the first winter ascent. The team followed the route of the first ascent from the north.</p><br>
<p>Lake Samish is a lake south of Bellingham, Washington.</p><br>
<p>Visible to the West of Interstate 5 when travelling between Alger and Bellingham, Lake Samish is heavily used for recreation in the summer months by local residents. The lake shoreline is heavily developed and homesites cover almost the entire shoreline. Lake Samish is bordered on the south by Blanchard Mountain and on the north by Chuckanut Pass. Public access is limited but a Whatcom County park with a rough boat launch is located along the northern shore.</p><br>
<p>In pre-Colonial days, members of the Samish tribe lived at sites on the lake. In 1873 the Northern Pacific Railway Company made a preliminary survey through the Lake Samish valley on the way to Bellingham Bay and Hudson&#39;s Bay Company trappers had also probably been through the area before that but the first Europeans to settle at Lake Samish were Charlie Barns and William Harris, who staked claims to 160 acres each in March/April 1885, Barns on the east side and Harris on the west side of the lake. In 1931, a new highway connecting Seattle to Vancouver was constructed on the east side of the lake and designated part of USA Route 99. This road was later replaced by Interstate 5</p><br>
<p>Notable residents include Hilary Swank, who grew up on a trailer park next to the lake, and Ryan Stiles, who currently lives next to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Walloon Lake is a glacier-formed lake located in Charlevoix and Emmet counties, just southwestward from the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. It is now home to many vacation homes and cottages. Though the end of the west arm of the lake is less than 1 mi from Lake Michigan, Walloon Lake&#39;s surface elevation is over 100 ft higher. The Bear River drains from the east end of the lake in Walloon Lake village, winding east then north down to its outflow into Lake Michigan at the south end of Petoskey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Walloon Lake was originally named Talcott. As the story goes, a local butcher, J. R. Haas, saw the name Walloon Lake on an old railroad map and tried to discover the history behind the name. It is thought that a group of Walloons from Belgium settled the land at the north end of the lake, which was then called Bear Lake. No trace of this settlement has ever been found.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Locals refer to their cottages as being on the "west arm", or the "foot", etc. The lake covers 4,270 acre and is primarily fed from groundwater. Its maximum depth is just over 100 ft. Recently, the introduction of zebra mussels has made the clear waters even clearer. For a few months after the ice melts (usually in April), it is possible to see to the bottom of the lake at depths up to 30 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Real-estate value has increased rapidly since the 1970s, and many large houses have been built around the lake. There are two camps on the lake: Camp Daggett and Camp Michigania, the University of Michigans Alumni Association camp. Starting around 2010, the area on the foot of the lake began redevelopment. New condominiums were constructed. In the next few years, a restaurant was built, and a retail store was created on the site of the old SIs marine. In 2014 developers broke ground on a new hotel to sit in between the marina and condominiums.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Indian Trails provides daily intercity bus service between St. Ignace and East Lansing, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Historic sites</h2><br>
<h3>Windemere</h3><br>
<p>Located on the north shore of Walloon Lake, Windemere was the childhood summer home of Ernest Hemingway. The house is still owned by the Hemingway family and is home to one of Hemingway&#39;s nephews.</p><br>
<h3>The Walloon Lake Inn</h3><br>
<p>Originally named Fern Cottage, the inn was a destination point for many visitors and also served as a docking point for the steamboats that would take the travelers to hotels or to their cottages on the lake. The inn has been renovated over the last thirty years and now serves the community as a bed and breakfast. The inn also houses a French-style restaurant and a culinary school.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Centre of Sighișoara  is the old historic center of the town of Sighișoara , Romania, built in the 12th century by Saxon colonists under the Latin name Castrum Sex. It is an inhabited medieval citadel that, in 1999, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its 850-year-old testament to the history and culture of the Transylvanian Saxons.</p><br>
<p>Birthplace of Vlad III the Impaler (in Romanian Vlad Țepeș), Sighișoara hosts, every year, a medieval festival where arts and crafts blend with rock music and stage plays. The city marks the upper boundary of the Land of Sachsen. Like its bigger brothers, Sibiu (Hermannstadt - The European Cultural Capital in 2007) and Braşov (Kronstadt), Sighișoara exhibits architecture typical of medieval Germany. During the Communist era, this German area was preserved, and the original architecture is still in place.</p><br>
<p>Paroreio  is a small village located about 15 kilometres north of Florina, the capital of the regional unit of Florina in northwestern Greece. Today, Paroreio is inhabited by only a small number of full-time residents. At its peak in the 1930s, the village reached about 600-700 inhabitants, mostly families looking for a piece of fertile land to cultivate and farm in the nearby valley.</p><br>
<h2>Nearest places</h2><br>
<p>Polyplatanos, northeast</p><br>
<p>Kato Kleines, east</p><br>
<p>Kladorrachi, south</p><br>
<p>Ethniko, west</p><br>
<p>Agia Paraskevi, west</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little of history was known between the Medieval and the Balkan Wars. It was inhabited by Bulgarians and was called Bitusha (Битуша, Bitousa in Greek). It was annexed to Greece in 1913 and many inhabitants moved northeast, some of the refugees from Eastern Thrace and Asia Minor.</p><br>
<p>The region saw a military presence during World War I and World War II, with French and other ally troops establishing small bases in the area. Border towns like Parorio were at risk of invading parties from the Balkans to the North, who were looking for any point of entry into Greece and access to its important sea routes. The area also saw a brutal conflict when the Greek Civil War emerged following World War II. Many were forced out of their homes and much hardship and tragedy took place at this time.</p><br>
<p>Following the Civil War, the region saw a mass exodus of people migrating to North America, Australia, and even parts of Africa, where opportunity and a better way of life existed.</p><br>
<p>Today, the area is sparsely inhabited, but is experiencing a slight rejuvenation in the agriculture industry, as part of a plan funded by the European Union. Some of Greece&#39;s most fertile land lies in the area that surrounds the region.</p><br>
<p>The Barre des Écrins  is a mountain in the French Alps with a peak at 4102m altitude. It is the highest peak of the Massif des Écrins and the Dauphiné Alps and the most southerly alpine peak in Europe that is higher than 4,000 m. It is the only 4,000 m mountain in France that lies outside the Mont Blanc Massif. Before the annexation of Savoy in 1860 it was the highest mountain in France.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Barre des Écrins is the highest peak in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d&#39;Azur region including all of Occitania and the Southern Alps. It is located in the commune of Pelvoux and is situated near the Drainage divide between the Durance and the Vénéon. This divide passes 250 metres west of the summit, along the ridge that leads to the summit of the sub-peak Dôme des Écrins (4088 metres). The south face of the mountain is rocky while the north face is ice as it is the starting point of the Glacier Blanc.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is surrounded by four glaciers: to the north-west is the Bonne Pierre glacier, to the north-east the Glacier Blanc, to the south-west the Glacier du Vallon de la Pilatte, and finally in the south-east the Glacier Noir. It is separated from the Snow Dome of Écrins (4015 m) by the Lory Gap (3974 m) to the west, the Barre Noir (3751 m) by the Écrins Gap (3661 m) to the north-east and by Fifre (3699 m) via the Col des Avalanches (3499 m) to the south.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The mountain consists of migmatized gneiss, an acidic rock composed of quartz-feldspar. On the upper slopes there is an amphibolic face over the top of the migmatized gneiss forming the top. These formations overlap a large granite Pluton that forms the summit of Pelvoux.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Écrins were discovered by geographers belatedly in the 19th century when they were the highest point in France (Savoy being part of the Kingdom of Sardinia at that time). The mountains are actually located on the borders of the Oisans and Briançonnais with the highest point completely in Briançonnais. They were sometimes called "point of Arsines" by locals.</p><br>
<p>The Englishmen A. W Moore, Horace Walker, and Edward Whymper, guided by Michel Croz from Chamonix and Christian Almer from Switzerland, made the first ascent of the Barre des Écrins on 25 June 1864. They cut steps on the north face of the Barre until they reached the top of the eastern edge via the Whymper corridor. They then reached the top of this high ridge which was composed of very unstable rocks. Edward Whymper described the ascension in his book Scrambles Amongst the Alps in the Years 1860-69.</p><br>
<p>William Auguste Coolidge made the first direct climb up the north face of the Barre des Ecrins in July 1870 by cutting 500 steps.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent without a guide is credited to Frederick Gardiner in 1878 accompanied by Charles and Lawrence Pilkington.</p><br>
<p>The southern face was climbed for the first time in 1880 by Pierre Gaspard together with Henri Duhamel. The south pillar, a part of the Black glacier ending at the top, was climbed for the first time in 1944 by the famous couple of climbers Jeanne and Jean Franco.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The Barre des Écrins attracts many climbers and has many routes to the top.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is traditionally scaled from the Pré de Madame Carle in the valley of Ailefroide. The normal route climbs the entire length of the Glacier Blanc. This is a much-used route, because it is the usual way to the Dôme des Écrins, one of the most easily climbed 4,000 m alpine peaks. It starts from the Refuge des Écrins and climbs the north face almost up to the Lory saddle (3,974 m), where the routes to the Dôme and the Barre divide. The ascent of the Barre continues by a rocky arête all the way to the summit. The guides from La Bérarde have equipped the Col des Écrins with cables allowing them to bring their clients to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Other more challenging routes to the summit exist, such as the South Face rated AD (Fairly Difficult). The quality of the rock on the mountain ranges from poor to average and especially on the South Face of the mountain the risk of rockfall is significant.</p><br>
<p>It is possible to climb the Direct Coolidge in late spring directly to the summit with crampons and an ice axe. Depending on snow conditions, this route can also be done on skis.</p><br>
<p>The south-north travers of the Barre des Écrins bar is also one of the classic routes of the massif.</p><br>
<p>In summer it is possible to climb a steep path on the south face with the Pilier Sud being the most traveled route.</p><br>
<p>The record for an ascent on foot is 1 hour 55 minutes by Mathéo Jacquemoud in June 2012, starting from Pré de Madame Carle (1874 m) by the normal route of the Dôme and the Whymper corridor. He beat the old record by Hubert Fievet (2 hours 3 minutes in 1998).</p><br>
<p>The record for round-trip ski mountaineering is 2 hours 51 minutes by Nicolas Bonnet in 2009 from the Pré de Madame Carle.</p><br>
<p>Wood Lake is a lake in a chain of five major lakes which occupies portions of the Okanagan Valley in the interior of British Columbia, Canada.</p><br>
<p>The lakes of the Okanagan Valley were formed by about 8900 BP.</p><br>
<p>Wood Lake is immediately south of Kalamalka Lake and in 1908 was connected to it by a dredged channel (the Oyama canal).</p><br>
<p>Situated between Oyama and Winfield, it has a solid reputation for rainbow trout fishing.</p><br>
<p>The lake is named after Tom Wood, who settled on the south end of the lake around 1860.</p><br>
<p>The dry climate and suitable soil has encouraged development of a substantial tree fruit industry around the lake and throughout the valley.</p><br>
<p>The upper watershed is heavily forested and has been logged for several decades.</p><br>
<p>The lower elevation of the watershed is described as a Ponderosa pine/bunchgrass area.</p><br>
<h2>Physical data</h2><br>
<p>Normal range of annual water level fluctuation: 1.2 m</p><br>
<p>Number of beaches: 4</p><br>
<p>There is also a Wood Lake in Fraser Valley, an area of British Columbia.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Trumpeters by Oyama BC.jpgAn adult and three juvenile trumpeter swans on the shore of Wood Lake, near Oyama, British Columbia</p><br>
<p>Loons Swimming in Wood Lake BC on a Summer Morning.webmLoons Swimming in Wood Lake BC on a Summer Morning</p><br>
<p>Mount Deception is a peak in the Olympic Mountains in the USA state of Washington. It is in Olympic National Park on the Olympic Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>At 7,788 ft high Mount Deception is the second highest peak of the Olympic Mountains, after Mount Olympus. It is the highest peak of the eastern Olympics. Mount Deception&#39;s prominence is 4,108 ft, making it the 17th most prominent peak in Washington. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Olympus at 21.79 mi to the west.</p><br>
<p>Mount Deception is located in the northeast portion of the Olympics Mountains just northeast of Mount Mystery between Deception Creek and Royal Creek. This location puts it in the rain shadow of the Olympics, resulting in far less precipitation than Mount Olympus and the western Olympics receive. Although Mount Deception is the highest peak in the eastern Olympics, it is not visible from Seattle.</p><br>
<p>Radiating northward from the shoulders of Mount Deception are The Needles, Mount Clark (7,528 ft), Mount Walkinshaw (7,378 ft), and the northeasterly running spur known as Gray Wolf Ridge. To the east and south are Mount Fricaba, Hal Foss Peak, Mount Mystery, and Little Mystery. Two small glaciers hug the mountain&#39;s north-facing basalt slopes.</p><br>
<p>Mount Deception sits on the boundary between the drainage basins of the Dungeness River, to the north, and the Dosewallips River, to the south and east. Deception Creek, a tributary of the Dosewallips River, drains the southern slope of Mount Deception. Gray Wolf Pass is located about 1 mi west of Mount Deception. The pass connects the Dungeness and Dosewallips drainage basins.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Deception had been given the name Mount Holmes by the Seattle Press Expedition in honor of John H. Holmes of the Boston Herald. Later G.A. Whitehead of the USA Forest Service renamed it Mount Deception due to the difficulty mountaineers had in locating climbing routes on the often cloud-covered peak.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Unlike the peaks of Gray Wolf Ridge, which are scalable for fit and determined day hikers, mountaineering skills are necessary for Mount Deception itself. While not a particularly technical climb it is steep and exposed. If a climber falls and does not arrest immediately, loose rock and rotten snow may make it difficult to stop falling for some distance. Fatalities have occurred on Mount Deception and the National Park Service recommends climbers be experienced in self-arrest skills, rock climbing, and route-finding.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent Needles are typically regarded as providing better, and somewhat more difficult, mountaineering objectives in the Royal Basin area.</p><br>
